Classroom Behavior Recognition Using Computer Vision: A Systematic Review.

Behavioral computing based on visual cues has become increasingly important, as it can capture and annotate teachers' and students' classroom states on a large scale and in real time. However, there is a lack of consensus on the research status and future trends of computer vision-based classroom behavior recognition. The present study conducted a systematic literature review of 80 peer-reviewed journal articles following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Assessment and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

Occlusion Robust Cognitive Engagement Detection in Real-World Classroom.

Cognitive engagement involves mental and physical involvement, with observable behaviors as indicators. Automatically measuring cognitive engagement can offer valuable insights for instructors. However, object occlusion, inter-class similarity, and intra-class variance make designing an effective detection method challenging.

Bimodal Learning Engagement Recognition from Videos in the Classroom.

Engagement plays an essential role in the learning process. Recognition of learning engagement in the classroom helps us understand the student's learning state and optimize the teaching and study processes. Traditional recognition methods such as self-report and teacher observation are time-consuming and obtrusive to satisfy the needs of large-scale classrooms.

Rapid and sensitive detection of β-agonists using a portable fluorescence biosensor based on fluorescent nanosilica and a lateral flow test strip.

A portable fluorescence biosensor with rapid and ultrasensitive response for Clenbuterol (CL) has been built up with fluorescent nanosilica and a lateral flow test strip. Quantitative detection of CL was realized by recording the fluorescence intensity of fluorescent nanosilica captured on the test line. The sensing results indicated that the sensitivity of the fluorescent nanosilica-based strip was better than that of conventional colloidal gold-based strips.

Development of a lateral flow colloidal gold immunoassay strip for the rapid detection of olaquindox residues.

A rapid immunochromatographic lateral flow test strip of competitive format has been developed for the specific determination of olaquindox (OLA) residues in pig urine and muscle tissues. The sensitivity of the test strip was found to be 1.58 ± 0.

Development of immunoassays for the detection of sulfamethazine in swine urine.

The use of sulfonamides, such as sulfamethazine (SM2), in pig production is recognized as a public health risk as it inevitably results in sulfamethazine residues in pork. This study is aimed at establishing rapid, simple, reliable methods, with both sensitivity and specificity, for detecting sulfamethazine residues. For this purpose, monoclonal antibodies against sulfamethazine were prepared and characterized.

Development of a lateral flow colloidal gold immunoassay strip for the rapid detection of enrofloxacin residues.

A rapid immunochromatographic lateral flow test strip of competitive format has been developed using a gold-conjugated monoclonal antibody for the specific determination of enrofloxacin (ENR) residues in chicken muscles. For this purpose, a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) for ENR was generated and characterized. The mAb showed negligible cross-reactivity with other related compounds.