Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation.

Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated.

Hydrogel Encapsulation of by Block Charge Modified Pectin and Improved Gastric and Storage Stability.

was encapsulated in pectin methylesterase (PME) charge modified pectin hydrogels; stability and in vitro release were evaluated under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. PME, 355 U/mL, de-esterified citrus pectin to 35% from 72% degree of esterification (DE). Pectin ζ-potential decreased to about -37 mV and molecular weight decreased from 177 kDa to 143 kDa during charge modification.

Isolation and hypoglycemic effects of water extracts from mulberry leaves in Northeast China.

Diabetes is the main chronic disease that greatly affects human life. Up to now, many measures have been taken to cope with the disease, among which natural products with hypoglycemic effects have aroused great interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of Morus abla L.

Effects of a probiotic intervention on Escherichia coli and high-fat diet-induced intestinal microbiota imbalance.

Obesity is often associated with intestinal microbiota imbalance and increased Gram-negative bacteria characterized by higher endotoxin levels. Therefore, a study on the joint effects of a high-fat diet and Gram-negative bacteria prechallenge might provide further information on the interactive effects of intestinal microbiota and obesity as well as the effects of a probiotic intervention on these processes. This study focused on the joint effects of a high-fat diet and Escherichia coli on mouse inflammatory cytokines, intestinal microbiota, hepatic pathological changes, and the alleviating capacity of probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Lactobacillus fermentum).

Beneficial Effects of Non-Encapsulated or Encapsulated Probiotic Supplementation on Microbiota Composition, Intestinal Barrier Functions, Inflammatory Profiles, and Glucose Tolerance in High Fat Fed Rats.

Development of obesity-associated comorbidities is related to chronic inflammation, which has been linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Thus, modulating gut microbiota composition could have positive effects for metabolic disorders, supporting the use of probiotics as potential therapeutics in vivo, which may be enhanced by a microencapsulation technique. Here we investigated the effects of non-encapsulated or pectin-encapsulated probiotic supplementation ( L.

L. plantarum, L. fermentum, and B. breve Beads Modified the Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviated the Inflammatory Response in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

This paper aims to study the effects of compound microbe-based beads on changes in the intestinal microbiota and alleviation of high-fat (HF) diet-induced inflammatory responses. Forty-eight mice were fed base chow or a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and then randomly separated into six groups: normal diet (group A), high-fat diet (group B), high-fat positive control (fed with high-fat chow plus Tetrahydrolipstatin, group C), high-fat chow plus B. breve beads (group D), high-fat chow plus L.

Preparation of Bifidobacterium breve encapsulated in low methoxyl pectin beads and its effects on yogurt quality.

Yogurt is a popular product worldwide partly because of the health-promoting effects of the probiotics that it contains. Probiotics with high survivability constitute a promising direction for fortified yogurt products. This study aimed to prepare Bifidobacterium breve-loaded yogurt with the bacteria surviving transit to the lower part of small intestine or colon.

The regulatory effects of L. plantarum peptidoglycan microspheres on innate and humoral immunity in mouse.

Objective: To study the effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum cell wall peptidoglycan (LPG) microspheres on mouse intestinal flora changes, peptidoglycan recognitions protein (PGRP) and cytokines expression levels.

Method: Plate counting was used for enumeration of the intestinal flora. Real-time PCR was used for quantification PGRP in different tissues.

Study on the effects of microencapsulated Lactobacillus delbrueckii on the mouse intestinal flora.

Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of microencapsulation on Lactobacillus delbrueckii by random, parallel experimental design.

Materials And Methods: Lincomycin hydrochloride-induced intestinal malfunction mouse model was successfully established; then the L. delbrueckii microcapsule was given to the mouse.

Synthesis, characterization, and immune efficacy of layered double hydroxide@SiO2 nanoparticles with shell-core structure as a delivery carrier for Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH)@SiO2 nanoparticles were developed as a delivery carrier for the plasmid DNA expressing the Newcastle disease virus F gene. The LDH was hydrotalcite-like materials. The plasmid DNA encapsulated in the LDH@SiO2 nanoparticles (pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs) was prepared by the coprecipitation method, and the properties of pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Evaluation of toxicity and adjuvant effects of peptidoglycan microspheres orally administered to mice.

In this study, peptidoglycan microspheres were evaluated for their toxicity and adjuvant effects after oral administration to mice. The liver and spleen indexes, CD cell content in peripheral blood and spleen, and immunoglobulin content in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry and indirect ELISA, respectively. Peptidoglycan microspheres with a loading capacity of 46.

Characterization and evaluation of the Ag+-loaded soy protein isolate-based bactericidal film-forming dispersion and films.

Unlabelled: This study aims to prepare bactericidal films developed from soy protein isolate (SPI) based film-forming dispersions (FFDs) for use in the food and medical fields. The FFD and films were prepared after the incorporation of different concentrations of AgNO₃ as a bactericidal agent. The transparency, tensile strength, and antimicrobial features were evaluated.

Preparation and characterization of chitosan microsphere loading bovine serum albumin.

To optimize the preparation process of chitosan microspheres and study its loading capacity, chitosan microsphere was prepared by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was absorbed onto chitosan microsphere. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR), TA instruments and zeta potentiometer analyzer were used to characterize the parameters with respect to size, thermal characters, morphology, and zeta potential of the microspheres. The loading capability and release tests were carried out.

Preparation and immunological effectiveness of a swine influenza DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.

Preparation conditions of a DNA vaccine against swine influenza encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles were determined. The nanoparticles were prepared according to a complex coacervation method using chitosan as a biodegradable matrix forming polymer. Under the preparation conditions, chitosan nanoparticles containing the DNA vaccine were produced with good morphology, high encapsulation rate and high stability.

Tablets based on compressed zein microspheres for sustained oral administration: design, pharmacokinetics, and clinical study.

In our previous study, we reported a novel tablet based on compressed zein microspheres as a universal drug delivery system using the hydrophobic protein zein, which shows zero-order release in the presence of pepsin. However, this formulation had difficulty with disintegration under physiological conditions within 48 h, and thus could not be used directly for oral administration. In the present study, a formulation of ivermectin (IVM) tablets based on compressed zein microspheres was improved as a new dosage form.

Preparation and immunological effectiveness of a Swine influenza DNA vaccine encapsulated in PLGA microspheres.

Optimal preparation conditions of DNA vaccine against swine influenza encapsulated in Poly (D,L)-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres were determined. The microspheres were prepared by an emulsion-evaporation method using PLGA as the biodegradable matrix forming polymer. Using the optimal preparation conditions, PLGA microspheres containing the DNA vaccine were produced with good morphology as evident from scanning electron micrographs, high encapsulation rate and high stability.

Mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of porous zein scaffolds.

A porous scaffold utilizing hydrophobic protein zein was prepared by the salt-leaching method for tissue engineering. The scaffolds possessed a total porosity of 75.3-79.

Comparison of cytocompatibility of zein film with other biomaterials and its degradability in vitro.

Unlabelled: Cytocompatibility of particle zein (Pzein) and film zein (Fzein) was evaluated and compared with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), its copolymer poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polylactic acid (PLA), and collagen, using HL-7702 cells, in terms of cell attachment rate within 3 h, and cell viabilities at 3 and 6 days determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The zein degradation test was carried out using collagenase and trypsin, and the degradation product was added to the culture medium at different concentrations in order to examine the concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect.

Result: The adhesion rate of the HL-7702 cells on both Pzein and Fzein was higher than that on collagen film.

Microspheres of corn protein, zein, for an ivermectin drug delivery system.

A novel microsphere drug delivery system of ivermectin (IVM) using hydrophobic protein zein was prepared by the phase separation method and characterized by a scanning electron microscope and laser light scattering particle size analyzer. Releases of model drug IVM from zein microspheres, tabletted microspheres and pepsin degradation of tabletted microspheres were also performed in vitro to investigate the mechanism of model drug release. The results show that the zein microspheres and tabletted microspheres are suitable for use as a sustained-release form of IVM.

Basic study of corn protein, zein, as a biomaterial in tissue engineering, surface morphology and biocompatibility.

The zein films, were prepared for culturing human liver cells (HL-7702) and mice fibroblast cells (NIH3T3), while the Corning microplate and polylactic acid (PLA) were chosen as controls. The surface morphology of zein films prepared by two different methods was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed that the zein films were composed of particles of diameter 100-500 and 500-2500 nm, respectively. The biocompatibility of zein films was assessed by attachment, extensibility and proliferation of cells on them.