A comprehensive approach to evaluate human-machine conflicts in shared steering systems.

The shared control authority between drivers and the steering system may lead to human-machine conflicts, threatening both traffic safety and driving experience of collaborative driving systems. Previous evaluation methods relied on subjective judgment and had a singular set of evaluation criteria, making it challenging to obtain a comprehensive and objective assessment. Therefore, we propose a two-phase novel method that integrates eye-tracking data, electromyography signals and vehicle dynamic features to evaluate human-machine conflicts.

Driver Fatigue Detection Using Heart Rate Variability Features from 2-Minute Electrocardiogram Signals While Accounting for Sex Differences.

Traffic accidents due to fatigue account for a large proportion of road fatalities. Based on simulated driving experiments with drivers recruited from college students, this paper investigates the use of heart rate variability (HRV) features to detect driver fatigue while considering sex differences. Sex-independent and sex-specific differences in HRV features between alert and fatigued states derived from 2 min electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were determined.

Drivers' visual-distracted take-over performance model and its application on adaptive adjustment of time budget.

There are certain situations that automated driving (AD) systems are still unable to handle, preventing the implementation of Level 5 AD. Thus, a transition of control, colloquially known as take-over of the vehicle, is required when the system sends a take-over request (TOR) upon exiting the operational design domain (ODD). An adaptive TOR along with good take-over performance requires adjusting the time budget (TB) to drivers' visual distraction state, adhering to a reliable visual-distraction-based take-over performance model.

Micro/Nano hierarchical peony-like Al doped ZnO superhydrophobic film: The guiding effect of (100) preferred seed layer.

In this communication, we present a versatile and controllable strategy for formation of superhydrophobic micro/nano hierarchical Al doped ZnO (AZO) films with a water contact angle (CA) of 170 ± 4°. This strategy involves a two-step layer-by-layer process employing an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique followed by a hydrothermal method, and the resulting novel AZO surface layer consists of (100) dominant nano-rice-like AZO seed layer (the water CA of 110 ± 4°) covered with micro-peony-like AZO top. The growth mechanisms and superhydrophobic properties of the hierarchical AZO layer are discussed.