Optimal harvest period and quality control markers of cultivated Flos Chrysanthemi Indici using untargeted/targeted metabolomics, chemometric analysis and in vivo study.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (FCI), the flower of Chrysanthemum Indicum L., is a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of inflammatory diseases in China. FCI is also a functional food, and is widely used as herbal tea for clearing heat and detoxicating.

The CmMYB3 transcription factors isolated from the Chrysanthemum morifolium regulate flavonol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Chrysanthemum morifolium MYB3 factors are transcriptional activators for the regulation of flavonol biosynthesis. Flavonol was not only the critical secondary metabolite participating in the growth and development of plants but also the main active ingredient in medicinal chrysanthemum. However, few pieces of research revealed the transcriptional regulation of flavonol biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum morifolium.

Comparison of metabolome characteristics and screening of chemical markers in from different habitats.

Unlabelled: is a polymorphic species with many ecological, geographical or eco-geographic populations, but there are few studies on the metabolic characteristics of different populations. This study conducted widely targeted metabolomics studies on from seven typical producing areas. As a result, a total of 802 metabolites were detected and identified, among which the top three categories of metabolites were flavonoids, organic acids and amino acids and derivatives.

[Correlations between content of linarin in Chrysanthemum indicum and climatic factors in habitats].

Chrysanthemi Indici Flos(CIF), the capitulum of Chrysanthemum indicum, is widely used in proprietary Chinese medicine and daily chemical products. At present, CIF is mainly produced from wild resources and rarely cultivated. This study aims to reveal the correlations between linarin content in CIF and climatic factors in different habitats, and provide a theoretical basis for suitable zoning and rational production of medicinal materials.

[Comprehensive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of alcohol extracts from Chrysanthemum indicum in different areas based on entropy weight and TOPSIS methodology].

The study is aiming at investigating the application of entropy weight TOPSIS method in the comparison of the scavenging effect of DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical and the inhibition effect of xanthine oxidase(XOD) and lipoxygenase(LOX) of Chrysanthemum indicum. The DPPH, ABTS, salicylic acid and spectrophotometry were used to determine the scavenging effect of DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical and the inhibition effect of xanthine oxidase(XOD) and lipoxygenase(LOX) of Ch. indicum from 31 different areas in vitro.

Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Flooding Stress on the Synthesis of Flavonoids in .

. cv "Hangju" is an important medicinal material with many functions in China. Flavonoids as the main secondary metabolites are a major class of medicinal components in "Hangju" and its composition and content can change significantly after flooding.

[Cloning and prokaryotic expression of CHI in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv.'Hangju'].

Three Chrysanthemum-chalcone-isomerase genes( CmCHI) were successfully cloned by PCR from the database of Chrysanthemum transcriptome and named CmCHI1,CmCHI2 and CmCHI3,respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the base numbers of CmCHI1-3 open reading frame were 708,633 and 681 bp,encoding 235,210 and 226 amino acids,respectively. Three fusion proteins of about 30 kDa were successfully induced by prokaryotic expression technology,and the corresponding recombinant fusion proteins were isolated and purified by Ni-NTA resin column.

[Effect of short-day treatment on expression of CO gene in Chrysanthemum indicum].

This experiment studied the expression pattern of key gene CO in the photoperiod of Chrysanthemum indicum. The CDS sequence of the Ch. indicum CO gene was cloned by RT-PCR.

[Prokaryotic expression and in vitro enzyme activity analysis of flavonol synthase in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju'].

We cloned flavonol synthase gene (named as CmFLS) by RACE from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. 'Hangju' based on transcriptome database. Sequencing results showed that 1 235 bp sequence was acquired with the largest open reading frame (ORF) of 1 008 bp, which encoded 335 amino acids.

[Comparative study on content of heavy metals in Chrysanthemum indicum and soil in different areas].

ICP-MS was used to determine the contents of five heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in Chrysanthemum indicum and soil samples. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the effects of latitude and longitude and altitude on the content of heavy metal elements in Ch. indicum.

[Cloning and expression analysis of and quantification of downstream products in under flooding stress].

To investigate the effects of the expression of flavonoid 3' hydroxylase gene ( and active ingredients in under flooding stress, we cloned F3'H from Hangju (temporarily named ) and conducted bioinformatics analysis. During the flower bud differentiation stage, we flooded the and then used the Real-time PCR to detect the relative expression of ; Finally, active ingredients of the inflorescence were measured by HPLC.The sequencing results showed that 1 562 bp sequence was acquired with the largest open reading frame of 1 527 bp, which encoded 508 amino acids.