Sequence and epigenetic variations of R2R3-MYB transcription factors determine the diversity of taproot skin and flesh colors in different cultivated types of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).

This study found that three paralogous R2R3-MYB transcription factors exhibit functional divergence among different subspecies and cultivated types in radish. Cultivated radish taproots exhibit a wide range of color variations due to unique anthocyanin accumulation patterns in various tissues. This study investigated the universal principles of taproot color regulation that developed during domestication of different subspecies and cultivated types.

Theoretical Calculation of Different Side-Chain Lengths [Cmim]FeCl and Factors Influencing Coal Pyrolysis Swelling Modification.

With the increasing requirements for clean and effective utilization, coal swelling pretreatment provides a good theoretical basis for coal molecular structure, application in coal pyrolysis, and liquefaction. Ionic liquids containing magnetic anionic groups were designed, synthesized, and used as solvents to study the effect on swelling pyrolysis performance. Studies have shown magnetism enhancement with the growth of alkyl chains.

Optimizing extinguishing angle of 6MF-30 pneumatic extinguisher for wildland fire-fighting based on CFD and experiments.

The 6MF-30 pneumatic extinguisher is a widely utilized and efficient tool for combating wildland fires. However, using incorrect extinguishing angles can diminish its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine the optimal extinguishing angle for the 6MF-30 pneumatic extinguisher by conducting computational fluid dynamics simulations and experimental verification.

Influence and mechanism of alkali-modified sludge on coal water slurry properties.

Municipal sludge (MS) is used to prepare coal water slurry (CWS). This practice is beneficial for resource utilization and reduces treatment costs and environmental pollution. In this study, alkali-modified municipal sludge (AMS) was prepared with Ca(OH) as modifier and mixed with coal to produce AMS-CWS.

Engineering Properties of New Claw Connectors for Alkali-Resistant Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics.

To optimize the engineering properties of connectors, a new claw-shaped alkali-resistant glass-fiber-composite-reinforced connection member was designed in this study. Tensile, shear, and durability tests were conducted on the joint. Moreover, numerical analysis was performed, and the performance of the proposed connector was verified in engineering applications.

Feasibility Study on the Steel-Plastic Geogrid Instead of Wire Mesh for Bolt Mesh Supporting.

Wire mesh is a common material for bolt mesh supporting structures, but its application in engineering has revealed many defects. At the same time, with the development of new materials for civil engineering, the new material mesh performance and cost show outstanding advantages over wire mesh. In this paper, the feasibility of replacing wire mesh with steel-plastic geogrid as an alternative material is carefully studied through indoor tests and field applications.

Experimental Study on Carbonation Durability of Kaolin Strengthened with Slag Portland Cement.

Slag Portland cement is an environmentally friendly and energy-saving product, which is widely used in cement-reinforced soil. This study used slag Portland cement-reinforced soil as the research object and P.O 42.

Effect of bio-based surfactant on wettability of low-rank coal surface and its mechanism.

In this study, the effect of a bio-based environment-friendly surfactant, cardanol polyoxyethylene ether (BGF), on the wettability of the surface of low-rank coal (LRC) and its mechanism were studied. The adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption of the surfactant conformed to the Langmuir adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption was mainly affected by hydrogen bonding, and the adsorption rate was affected by intraparticle diffusion and liquid film diffusion.

Glucosinolate Profiles in Different Organs of 111 Radish Accessions and Candidate Genes Involved in Converting Glucobrassicin to 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin.

Glucosinolate (GSL) not only has highly physiological function for plants but also has considerable human interest. We analyzed the GSL compositions and levels in four organs of 111 radish accessions. Seven major GSLs were detected (approximately 5-245 μmol g DW), among which 4-(methylsulfinyl)but-3-enyl GSL and 4-methylsulfanyl-3-butenyl GSL were the dominant GSLs.

Experimental Study on Tensile Mechanical Properties and Reinforcement Ratio of Steel-Plastic Compound Geogrid-Reinforced Belt.

The steel-plastic compound geogrid has been widely used as a new reinforcement material in geotechnical engineering and other fields. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the mechanical properties of steel-plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belts to utilize steel-plastic compound geogrids efficiently. In this study, tensile mechanical tests of steel wire, polyethylene geogrid belt, and steel-plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belt were conducted with respect to the tensile mechanical properties of steel-plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belts.

Study on Performance Tests and the Application of Construction Waste as Subgrade Backfill.

The application of construction waste as an aggregate in subgrade backfilling is an important recycling option. This study analyzed a subgrade backfill material consisting of lime-fly ash construction waste mixture (LFCWM). Compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed on LFCWM under different cement-aggregate ratios (CARs, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 8:2).

Experimental Study on the Performance of Graded Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (G-GRC) Based on Engineering Application.

An important way to improve concrete performance is the use of alkali-resistant glass fibers (ARGFs) as reinforcement. This paper is based on the problems of the cracking of the partition wall and lining seepage in Laoshan Tunnel, Qingdao, China. Two types of ARGFs were selected as reinforcement materials for the partition wall and lining concrete: high dispersion (HD) and high performance (HP); and the compressive strength (CS), tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS), and impervious performance (IP) of concrete with different gradations of the two types of fibers were investigated.

Characterization of the Gene Family and its Putative Involvement of Tuberous Root Shape in Radish.

The shape of the tuberous root, a very important quality trait, varies dramatically among radish cultivars. Ovate family proteins () are plant-specific proteins that regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development. To investigate the possible role of in radish tuberous root formation, 35 putative were identified from radish, and their expression patterns were detected during tuberous root development in six different radish cultivars.

Experimental Study of Cement Alkali-Resistant Glass Fiber (C-ARGF) Grouting Material.

Mixing alkali-resistant glass fiber (ARGF) into grouting slurry can prevent the development of cracks; thus, understanding the properties of ARGF grouting material is important for applications in engineering. Two types of ARGFs (Cem-FIL®60 and Anti-Crak®HD) were selected as mixing materials, and their performance was tested in four areas, namely, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impervious performance, under four different mixing amounts of fiber (0%, 0.25%, 0.

Transposon-induced methylation of the RsMYB1 promoter disturbs anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed radish.

Red-fleshed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a unique cultivar whose taproot is rich in anthocyanins beneficial to human health. However, the frequent occurrence of white-fleshed mutants affects the purity of commercially produced radish and the underlying mechanism has puzzled breeders for many years.

Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing Reveals May Induce Male Sterility in NWB Cytoplasm of Radish.

Radish ( L.) is an important root vegetable worldwide. The development of F1 hybrids, which are extensively used for commercial radish production, relies on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).

Identification of new antibacterial targets in RNA polymerase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by detecting positive selection sites.

Bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is an effective target for antibacterial treatment. In order to search new potential targets in RNAP of Mycobacterium, we detected adaptive selections of RNAP related genes in 13 strains of Mycobacterium by phylogenetic analysis. We first collected sequences of 17 genes including rpoA, rpoB, rpoC, rpoZ, and sigma factor A-M.

Genome-wide indel/SSR scanning reveals significant loci associated with excellent agronomic traits of a cabbage (Brassica oleracea) elite parental line '01-20'.

Elite parental lines are of great significance to crop breeding. To discover unique genomic loci associated with excellent economic traits in the elite cabbage inbred-line '01-20', we performed comparisons of phenotypes as well as whole-genome insertion-deletion/simple sequence repeat loci between '01-20' and each of its five sister lines. '01-20' has a range of excellent agronomic traits, including early-maturing, and improvements in plant type and leaf colour.

Whole-Genome Mapping Reveals Novel QTL Clusters Associated with Main Agronomic Traits of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.).

We describe a comprehensive quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for 24 main agronomic traits of cabbage. Field experiments were performed using a 196-line double haploid population in three seasons in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate important agronomic traits related to plant type, leaf, and head traits. In total, 144 QTLs with LOD threshold >3.

Mapping and analysis of a novel candidate Fusarium wilt resistance gene FOC1 in Brassica oleracea.

Background: Cabbage Fusarium wilt is a major disease worldwide that can cause severe yield loss in cabbage (Brassica olerecea). Although markers linked to the resistance gene FOC1 have been identified, no candidate gene for it has been determined so far. In this study, we report the fine mapping and analysis of a candidate gene for FOC1 using a double haploid (DH) population with 160 lines and a F2 population of 4000 individuals derived from the same parental lines.

Chain-length-dependent autocatalytic hydrolysis of fatty acid anhydrides in polyethylene glycol.

Autocatalytic hydrolysis of fatty acid anhydrides induced by the spontaneously formed vesicles has been studied for years. However, whether the reaction autocatalyzed by vesicles formed in diluted solutions applies also to macromolecular crowded conditions remains unknown. The aim of this study is to characterize hydrolysis behavior of fatty acid anhydrides and formation of vesicles in crowded media.

Chloroplast subspecies-specific SNP detection and its maternal inheritance in Brassica oleracea L. by using a dCAPS marker.

Chloroplast simple sequence repeats amplicons in 5 subspecies of Brassica oleracea were sequenced, and one chloroplast SNP was detected in amplicon ACP43. Through the introduction of an RsaI recognition site by adding one mismatch in the forward primer, combined with the increased primer length and raised annealing temperature, the dCAPS (derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) marker ACP43-93 RsaI was successfully developed. By using the dCAPS marker, the subspecies-specific SNP was assayed in 206 materials representing the wide distribution of B.

Duplication and adaptive evolution of the COR15 genes within the highly cold-tolerant Draba lineage (Brassicaceae).

Plants have evolved diverse adaptive mechanisms that enable them to tolerate abiotic stresses, to varying degrees, and such stresses may have strongly influenced evolutionary changes at levels ranging from molecular to morphological. Previous studies on these phenomena have focused on the adaptive evolution of stress-related orthologous genes in specific lineages. However, heterogenetic evolution of the paralogous genes following duplication has only been examined in a very limited number of stress-response gene families.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiaceae), an endemic species of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiaceae), a perennial medicinal herb, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A total of 188 individuals from eight natural populations of L. rotata in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (four from Tibet, two from Yunnan, and two from Qinghai) were analyzed using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques.