Structural Elucidation and Anti-Tumor Activity of a Polysaccharide (CP2-S) from Fruit Bodies.

A polysaccharide (CP2-S), consisting of glucose with a weight average molecular weight of 5.9 × 10, was purified from the fruit bodies of . In this work, the corresponding structure and anti-tumor activity in vivo were investigated.

Structure characterization of an agavin-type fructan isolated from Polygonatum cyrtonema and its effect on the modulation of the gut microbiota in vitro.

The herbal medicine Polygonatum cyrtonema is highly regarded in China for its medicinal and dietary properties. However, further research is needed to elucidate the structure of its polysaccharide and understand how it promotes human health by modulating the gut microbiota. This study aims to investigate a homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP95-1-1) from Polygonatum cyrtonema and assess its susceptibility to digestion as well as its utilization by intestinal microbiota.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Cordyceps militaris spent substrate.

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom and has been extensively used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. After the chrysalis seeds are matured and harvested, the spent substrate of C. militaris still contains active ingredients but is usually discarded as waste.

Effects of molecular weight on intestinal anti-inflammatory activities of β-D-glucan from .

To investigate the influence of molecular weight ( ) on the anti-inflammatory activity of β-D-glucan from , ultrasonic irradiation was applied to treat the β-D-glucan (GLP, 2.42 × 10 g/mol) solution to obtain two degraded fractions with molecular weight of 6.53 × 10 g/mol (GLPC) and 3.

Structural Characterization of a Hua Tuber Polysaccharide and Its Contribution to Moisture Retention and Moisture-Proofing of Porous Carbohydrate Material.

Porous carbohydrate materials such as tobacco shreds readily absorb moisture and become damp during processing, storage, and consumption (smoking). Traditional humectants have the ability of moisture retention but moisture-proofing is poor. Hua polysaccharide (PCP 85-1-1) was separated by fractional precipitation and was purified by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography.

Effects of Oleic Acid Addition Methods on the Metabolic Flux Distribution of Ganoderic Acids R, S and T's Biosynthesis.

The effects of oleic acid addition methods on the metabolic flux distribution of ganoderic acids R, S and T's biosynthesis from were investigated. The results showed that adding filter-sterilized oleic acid in the process of submerged fermentation and static culture is of benefit to the synthesis of ganoderic acids R, S and T. The metabolic fluxes were increased by 97.

Integrative Analysis of Selected Metabolites and the Fungal Transcriptome during the Developmental Cycle of Ganoderma lucidum Strain G0119 Correlates Lignocellulose Degradation with Carbohydrate and Triterpenoid Metabolism.

To systemically understand the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive substances, including triterpenoids and polysaccharides, in Ganoderma lucidum, the correlation between substrate degradation and carbohydrate and triterpenoid metabolism during growth was analyzed by combining changes in metabolite content and changes in related enzyme expression in over 5 growth phases. Changes in low-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in glucose and mannitol contents in fruiting bodies. Additionally, changes in medium-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in the lignocellulose content of the substrate and with the glucose, trehalose, and mannitol contents of fruiting bodies.

Development and Optimization of the Triterpenoid and Sterol Production Process with Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum Strain G0017 (Agaricomycetes), in Liquid Submerged Fermentation at Large Scale.

Ganoderma lucidum mycelia are rich in active substances such as triterpenoids and sterols. However, reports on the development of effective submerged fermentation processes are lacking and the resulting total triterpene and sterol yield is still quite low. In this study, a new G.

Structure and chain conformation of bioactive β-D-glucan purified from water extracts of Ganoderma lucidum unbroken spores.

Two polysaccharide fractions (GLSB50 and GLSB70) with total sugar content of 82.07 wt% and 53.79 wt%, respectively, were obtained from the water extracts of unbroken Ganoderma lucidum spores by sequential ethanol precipitation treatment.

Comparative Analysis of Triterpene Composition between Ganoderma lingzhi from China and G. lucidum from Slovakia under Different Growing Conditions.

The mushroom today known as Ganoderma lingzhi has been used for centuries in the countries of Eastern Asia as a very important medicinal mushroom. It prefers growing on rotten wood of broadleaf trees and is mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Its relative G.

Simultaneous Determination of 13 Organic Acids in Liquid Culture Media of Edible Fungi Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

The study aimed at detecting 13 organic acids (oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and butyric acid) by establishing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis was performed using two sugar columns, i.e.

A Study on the Antioxidant Properties and Stability of Ergothioneine from Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms.

The naturally occurring amino acid ergothioneine (EGT) has excellent free radical scavenging ability, which was not different to ascorbic acid. The IC50 values for EGT scavenging hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions were 11.65 ± 0.

Cordycepin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo via targeting FGFR2 and blocking ERK signaling.

Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) from Cordyceps militaris has been reported to have anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular target and mechanism underlying cordycepin impeding pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo remain vague. In this study, we reported functional target molecule of cordycepin which inhibited pancreatic cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo.

Regioselective sulfation of β-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum and structure-anticoagulant activity relationship of sulfated derivatives.

In the present study, regioselective sulfation of β-glucan (GLP) from Ganoderma lucidum were firstly established by using 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl chloride and hexamethyldisilazane as protecting precursor. 2,4,6-O-sulfated, 6-O-sulfated and 2,4-O-sulfated GLP derivatives were prepared and the molecular weights (M) of derivatives were determined to range from 0.94 × 10 to 6.

Polysaccharide of Ganoderma and Its Bioactivities.

Ganoderma, named lingzhi in China, has been used for centuries as drug and nutraceutical to treat diseases. Based on our research and other literatures, the chapter summarizes the progress of preparation, structural features and properties, bioactivities of Ganoderma polysaccharides. The aim is to provide a comprehensive source of information for researchers and consumers of Ganoderma, so they can better understand Ganoderma polysaccharides and their biological activities.

Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Fermentation Process for Large-Scale Production.

The objective of this study was to increase the intracellular polysaccharide yield of Ganoderma lucidum. The accordingly optimized fermentation medium by central composite design method contains glucose 40 g L, yeast powder 12 g L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 g L, initial pH 5.5, and inoculum size 10 mL 100 mL.

Chemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Volatile Oil from the White Jelly Mushroom, Tremella fuciformis (Tremellomycetes).

To fully analyze the composition of volatile oil extracted from Tremella fuciformis, hydrodistillation (HD) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) were adopted simultaneously. In both cases, the analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method with rutin as a positive control. Nineteen components in HD and 68 components in SPME were identified, respectively.

Dissolution of Bioactive Components from Dried Fruiting Bodies of the Culinary-Medicinal Shiitake Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes), during Cleaning, Soaking, and Cooking.

Lentinus edodes fruiting bodies are rich in active substances such as polysaccharides and eritadenine. Patients with gout, however, should avoid or severely limit their intake of foods containing large amounts of purine. In this study we quantitatively analyzed the polysaccharide and purine compounds dissolved from L.

Effect of Culture Time on the Bioactive Components in the Fruit Bodies of Caterpillar Mushroom, Cordyceps militaris CM-H0810 (Ascomycetes).

Cordyceps militaris are widely cultivated in China for an important raw material for health foods. CM-H0810 is a C. militaris strain used in the production of C.

Triterpenes and Soluble Polysaccharide Changes in Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), During Fruiting Growth.

We analyzed the changes in triterpenes and soluble polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 during 4 growth phases in 3 regions of the fruiting bodies using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and we also analyzed the soluble polysaccharides using high-performance size-exclusion chroma-tography-multiple-angle laser-light scattering refractive index analysis. The strong polar triterpenes decreased while weak polar triterpenes increased during the growth cycle of G. lucidum.

Structural characterization of a bioactive water-soluble heteropolysaccharide from Nostoc sphaeroids kütz.

A water soluble Nostoc sphaeroids kütz polysaccharide (NSKP) was extracted and purified by precipitating hot-water extract from Nostoc sphaeroids kütz with 40% (v/v) ethanol. The yield was 40.10% (w/w), and weight average molecular weight (M) was determined as 1.

Investigation of lignocellulolytic enzymes during different growth phases of Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that is well known for its ability to enhance human health, and products made from this fungus have been highly profitable. The substrate-degrading ability of G. lucidum could be related to its growth.

Preparative isolation of ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T and ganoderol B from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T and ganoderal B are the main bioactive triterpenes of Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, mycelia of G. lucidum were obtained by two-stage fermentation and then extracted by ethanol and petroleum ether sequentially to obtain crude triterpenes.

Triple helix conformation of β-d-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum and effect of molecular weight on its immunostimulatory activity.

β-d-glucan (GLP20) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies was successfully fractionated into five fractions with different weight-average molecular weights (M) through ultrasonic irradiation. The M, radius of gyration (R), hydrodynamic radius (R) and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of these fractions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) aqueous solution were determined using HPSEC-MALLS-RI-VS system. The results indicated that β-d-glucan displayed rigid chain conformations with ρ values lager than 2.

One single standard substance for the simultaneous determination of 17 triterpenes in Ganoderma lingzhi and its related species using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Due to the difficulty and high cost for the preparation of triterpenes, one single standard for the simultaneous determination of multi-components (SSDMC) with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an advanced solution for multi-component analysis. Experiments were carried out to investigate the feasibility of SSDMC for the analysis of Ganoderma triterpenes, with external standard method (ESM) compared, and the samples of Ganoderma were classified by the content of Ganoderma triterpenes. The analysis was performed by using a Fortis Speed Core-C18 column (150mm×4.