Plasma extracellular vesicles regulate the Functions of Th2 and ILC2 cells via miRNA-150-5p in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR), a chronic airway inflammation, has witnessed a rising prevalence in recent decades. Recent research indicates that various EVs are released into plasma in allergic airway inflammation, correlating with impaired airway function and severe inflammation. However, the contribution of plasma EVs to AR pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.

Increased circulating LOX-1 neutrophils activate T cells and demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role in allergic rhinitis.

Background: Low-density neutrophils are heterogeneous immune cells with immunosuppressive (such as polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells [PMN-MDSC]) or pro-inflammatory (such as low-density granulocytes [LDG]) properties that have been well described in multiple cancers and immune diseases. However, its role in allergic rhinitis (AR) is still unclear.

Methods: In the present study, we defined low-density neutrophils as CD14CD11BCD15LOX-1 (LOX-1 neutrophils), and their levels in the peripheral blood (PB) were evaluated and compared between patients with AR and healthy donors using flow cytometric analysis.

Serum amyloid A1 induced dysfunction of airway macrophages via CD36 pathway in allergic airway inflammation.

Previous studies showed that serum amyloid A (SAA) and macrophages were associated with allergic airway inflammation. However, the interaction between SAA1 and macrophages in allergic airway inflammation remains to be further elucidated. In this study, the levels of SAA1 were measured in nasal tissues from patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), house dust mite (HDM)-treated BEAS-2B cells and the tissues of mice of HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.

Intranasal delivery of small extracellular vesicles reduces the progress of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the overactivation of complement-coagulation cascade and NF-ĸB signaling in SOD1 mice.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by progressive motoneuron degeneration, and effective clinical treatments are lacking. In this study, we evaluated whether intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) is a strategy for ALS therapy using SOD1 mice. In vivo tracing showed that intranasally-delivered sEVs entered the central nervous system and were extensively taken up by spinal neurons and some microglia.

Small extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells prevent Th17-dominant neutrophilic airway inflammation via immunoregulation on Th17 cells.

Type 17 helper T cells (Th17)-dominant neutrophilic airway inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of steroid-resistant airway inflammation such as severe asthma. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display extensive therapeutic effects and advantages in many diseases. However, the role of MSC-sEV in Th17-dominant neutrophilic airway inflammation and the related mechanisms are still poorly studied.

Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-10 prevent allergic airway inflammation.

Backgrounds: Allergic airway inflammation is prevalent worldwide and imposes a considerable burden on both society and affected individuals. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic advantages of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) overexpressed interleukin-10 (IL-10) for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation, as both IL-10 and MSCs possess immunosuppressive properties.

Methods: Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSCs were engineered to overexpress IL-10 via lentiviral transfection (designated as IL-10-MSCs).

BDNF-enriched small extracellular vesicles protect against noise-induced hearing loss in mice.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is one of the most prevalent acquired sensorineural hearing loss etiologies and is characterized by the loss of cochlear hair cells, synapses, and nerve terminals. Currently, there are no agents available for the treatment of NIHL because drug delivery to the inner ear is greatly limited by the blood-labyrinth barrier. In this study, we used mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) as nanoscale vehicles to deliver brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and evaluated their protective effects in a mouse model of NIHL.

Mesenchymal stromal cells and their small extracellular vesicles in allergic diseases: From immunomodulation to therapy.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have long been considered a potential tool for treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases, owing to their immunomodulatory characteristics. In recent decades, the medical utility of MSCs has been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, providing a foundation for therapeutic applications. However, the existing limitations of MSC therapy indicate the necessity for novel therapies.

Dendritic cells mediated by small extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs attenuated the ILC2 activity via PGE2 in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have recently attracted considerable attention because of their therapeutic potential in various immune diseases. We previously reported that MSC-sEVs could exert immunomodulatory roles in allergic airway inflammation by regulating group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) and dendritic cell (DC) functions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the indirect effects of MSC-sEVs on ILC2s from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) via DCs.

[Remediation Effect of Two Iron-modified Biochars on Slightly Alkaline Arsenic and Cadmium Contaminated Soil].

As a good passivation agent for heavy metals, modified biochar has been widely used in environmental remediation. In order to explore the effects of different modification methods on arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) passivation in soil by biochar, this study used co-precipitation and impregnation pyrolysis to prepare iron-modified biochar. Through adsorption experiments and soil culture experiments, the properties of biochar, adsorption capacity, and the As and Cd passivation ability in soil were analyzed.

Early Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease Using a Composite of MemTrax and Blood Biomarkers.

Background: Accessible measurements for the early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) are urgently needed to address the increasing prevalence of AD.

Objective: To determine the benefits of a composite MemTrax Memory Test and AD-related blood biomarker assessment for the early detection of MCI-AD in non-specialty clinics.

Methods: The MemTrax Memory Test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were administered to 99 healthy seniors with normal cognitive function and 101 patients with MCI-AD; clinical manifestation and peripheral blood samples were collected.

MicroRNA-19b-3p dysfunction of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes from patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm impairs therapeutic efficacy.

Senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Although mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (MSC-EXO) have been confirmed to restrict the development of AAA, their biological activity depends largely on the physiological state of the MSCs. This study aimed to compare the effects of adipose-derived MSC-EXO from healthy donors (HMEXO) and AAA patients (AMEXO) on senescence of VSMCs in AAA and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Intranasal delivery of BDNF-loaded small extracellular vesicles for cerebral ischemia therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promise for the therapy of cerebral ischemia in animal studies and clinical trials, yet their clinical application still faces many challenges. Utilizing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may overcome these challenges. In the study, we overexpressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cultured MSCs and purified sEVs using anion exchange chromatography.

Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived small extracellular vesicles modulate DC function to suppress Th2 responses via IL-10 in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are well known for their immunoregulatory roles on allergic inflammation particularly by acting on T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEV) are increasingly considered as one of the main factors for the effects of MSCs on immune responses. However, the effects of MSC-sEV on DCs in allergic diseases remain unclear.

Updating MISEV: Evolving the minimal requirements for studies of extracellular vesicles.

The minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (EVs, MISEV) is a field-consensus rigour initiative of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). The last update to MISEV, MISEV2018, was informed by input from more than 400 scientists and made recommendations in the six broad topics of EV nomenclature, sample collection and pre-processing, EV separation and concentration, characterization, functional studies, and reporting requirements/exceptions. To gather opinions on MISEV and ideas for new updates, the ISEV Board of Directors canvassed previous MISEV authors and society members.

Plasma EVs Display Antigen-Presenting Characteristics in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis and Promote Differentiation of Th2 Cells.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by IgE-mediated mucosa response after exposure to allergens. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-size vesicles containing biological cargos for intercellular communications. However, the role of plasma EVs in pathogenesis of AR remains largely unknown.

IL-33 receptor expression on myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells after allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis.

The diversity of immune responses in allergic diseases is critically mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), including myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs. Allergen inhalation increased the release of IL-33 from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), which affecting the downstream cells by binding to its receptor (ST2). However, the effects of inhaled allergens on the expression of ST2 by DCs and IL-33 on the function of mDCs are unknown.

Mesenchymal stem cells regulate type 2 innate lymphoid cells via regulatory T cells through ICOS-ICOSL interaction.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are recognized as key controllers and effectors of type 2 inflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to alleviate type 2 inflammation by modulating T lymphocyte subsets and decreasing T 2 cytokine levels. However, the effects of MSCs on ILC2s have not been investigated.

Sex differences in group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dominant allergic airway inflammation.

There were gender differences in the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were recently reported to play a critical role in allergic diseases. We investigated the sex-dependent differences in ILC2-dominant allergic airway inflammation model using T\B cell-deficient mice, and determined the gender differences of ILC2 levels in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes improve motor function and attenuate neuropathology in a mouse model of Machado-Joseph disease.

Background: Machado-Joseph disease is the most common autosomal dominant hereditary ataxia worldwide without effective treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could slow the disease progression, but side effects limited their clinical application. Besides, MSC-derived exosomes exerted similar efficacy and have many advantages over MSCs.

Small extracellular vesicles derived from human MSCs prevent allergic airway inflammation via immunomodulation on pulmonary macrophages.

Allergic airway inflammation is a major public health disease that affects up to 300 million people in the world. However, its management remains largely unsatisfactory. The dysfunction of pulmonary macrophages contributes greatly to the development of allergic airway inflammation.

Small extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stromal cells prevent group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dominant allergic airway inflammation through delivery of miR-146a-5p.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are recently reported to play a more critical role in allergic diseases. We previously identified that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) elicited therapeutic effects on allergic airway inflammation. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from MSCs possess striking advantages including low immunogenicity and high biosafety, and is extremely promising cell-free therapeutic agents.