Pralsetinib as neoadjuvant therapy for RET-Altered differentiated thyroid cancer: Two case reports.

Background: 5-10% of thyroid cancers are at locally advanced stage. Neoadjuvant targeted therapy will likely create surgical opportunities for these patients with unresectable or borderline resectable tumors. Pralsetinib, a RET inhibitor, has been approved for advanced or metastatic RET-altered thyroid cancer.

Synchronous papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas: the first retrospective cohort study and literature review.

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) contribute to more than 95% of thyroid malignancies. However, synchronous PTC and FTC are less common; it is most commonly discovered incidentally as synchronous malignancies during operation, which adds difficulties to intraoperative decision-making and postoperative treatment. Therefore, we analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with PTC and FTC in our center.

A distinct tumor microenvironment makes anaplastic thyroid cancer more lethal but immunotherapy sensitive than papillary thyroid cancer.

Both anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) originate from thyroid follicular epithelial cells, but ATC has a significantly worse prognosis and shows resistance to conventional therapies. However, clinical trials found that immunotherapy works better in ATC than late-stage PTC. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to generate a single-cell atlas of thyroid cancer.

A multicenter prospective study of lateral neck lymph node mapping in papillary thyroid cancer.

Background: Despite the high incidence of lateral neck lymph node (LN) metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the management of the lateral neck remains controversial. We aimed to map the draining LNs in the lateral neck using carbon nanoparticles and explore its potential in neck evaluation.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter, prospective study in PTC patients who had non-palpable yet suspicious metastatic lateral LNs on ultrasound and/or computed tomography (CT) but could not be confirmed by fine needle aspiration.

Using a CT-based scale to evaluate disease extension and the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer.

Objectives: To establish a computed tomography (CT)-based scale to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer.

Methods: This twin-centre retrospective study included 95 locally advanced thyroid cancer patients from the 1 centre as the training cohort and 31 patients from the 2 centre as the testing cohort, who were categorised into the resectable and unresectable groups. Three radiologists scored the CT scans of each patient by evaluating the extension to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), trachea, oesophagus, artery, vein, soft tissue, and larynx.

Increased α-HB links colorectal cancer and diabetes by potentiating NF-κB signaling.

Sufficient evidence has linked many different types of cancers and T2D through shared risk factors; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. α-Hydroxybutyrate (α-HB), a byproduct metabolite increased in diabetes and cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), triggers lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) nuclear translocation. Nuclear LDHA markedly extends NF-κB nuclear retention by interacting with phosphorylated p65, leading to an increase in TNF-α production, impaired insulin secretion and the exacerbation of azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced CRC and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes.

Nuclear complement C3b promotes paclitaxel resistance by assembling the SIN3A/HDAC1/2 complex in non-small cell lung cancer.

In addition to the classical role as a serum effector system of innate immunity, accumulating evidence suggests that intracellular complement components have indispensable functions in immune defense, T cell homeostasis, and tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Here, we revealed that complement component 3 (C3) is remarkably upregulated in paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and that knockdown of C3 promoted PTX-induced cell apoptosis, sensitizing resistant cells to PTX therapy. Ectopic C3 decreased PTX-induced apoptosis and induced resistance to PTX treatment in original NSCLC cells.

Failure pattern and suggestions for target volume delineation of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

Background: To review our long-term clinical experience, analyze the failure patterns, and give suggestions for target volume delineation of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Methods: From April 2008 to May 2019, 30 patients with CASTLE treated by postoperative or radical IMRT in our center were retrospectively reviewed. A total dose of 56-60 Gy in 28-30 fractions was prescribed to patients without residual disease and 66 Gy in 33 fractions for patients with residual or unresectable disease.

Development and validation of a gene model predicting lymph node metastasis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on single-cell and bulk RNA-seq analysis.

Background: Lymph node metastasis can independently predict oral squamous cell carcinoma patients' survival. This study would investigate the genetic and cellular differences between oral squamous cell carcinoma with positive and negative lymph node metastases.

Methods: We gathered single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk gene expression data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases.

Intracellular complement C5a/C5aR1 stabilizes β-catenin to promote colorectal tumorigenesis.

Complement is operative in not only the extracellular but also the intracellular milieu. However, little is known about the role of complement activation inside tumor cells. Here, we report that intracellular C5 is cleaved by cathepsin D (CTSD) to produce C5a in lysosomes and endosomes of colonic cancer cells.

A novel method to reconstruct right recurrent laryngeal nerve by transforming into nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve: The end-to-free vagal laryngeal branch end anastomosis.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate a novel method for the reconstruction of right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) by transforming into nonrecurrent RLN: the end-to-free vagal laryngeal branch end anastomosis. Here we report a case of locally advanced thyroid carcinoma. The patient underwent radical thyroid surgery with inevitably partial RLN resection and immediate right RLN reconstruction at our institution.

PRDM16 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration via Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Directly Targeting Pyruvate Carboxylase in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

PRDM16 (known as MEL1), a member of the PR domain zinc finger family, has been implicated in multiple biological processes, including cancers. It is not clear yet whether PRDM16 is involved in tumor progress of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We identified the PRDM16 expression level in PTC tissues by qRT-PCR and analyzed its relationship with clinical characteristics in both Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and TCGA cohorts.

The Efficacy and Safety of Anlotinib in Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer: A Single-Arm Phase II Clinical Trial.

Surgery is the primary treatment for locally advanced thyroid cancer. For some cases, R0/R1 resection could not be achieved at initial diagnosis and neoadjuvant treatment would be an option. Anlotinib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which demonstrated antitumor activity in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer.

Different clinicopathologic features predispose to different patterns of distant metastasis with heterogeneous short-term prognosis in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

Background: Limited studies have focused on the associated clinicopathologic features and short-term prognostic impacts of metastatic patterns at initial diagnosis in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Methods: Overall, 530 individuals with distant DTC diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 were identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the clinicopathologic factors influencing the pattern of distant metastasis.

Next-Generation Sequencing Enhances the Diagnosis Efficiency in Thyroid Nodules.

Background: Though fine-needle aspiration (FNA) improved the diagnostic methods of thyroid nodules, there are still parts of nodules that cannot be determined according to cytology. In the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, there are two uncertain cytology results. Thanks to the development of next-generation sequencing technology, it is possible to gain the genetic background of pathological tissue efficiently.

Giant cell tumor in the thyroid area: a case report in the novel location and review of literature.

Giant cell tumor of soft tissue (GCT-ST) is a rare benign tumor of low malignant potential. It is thought to be the soft tissue counterpart of giant cell tumors of the bone due to its pathological resemblances. GCT-ST is most commonly found in superficial soft tissue of thigh, trunk and upper extremities.

SNHG9, a Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cell Exosome-Enriched lncRNA, Inhibits Cell Autophagy and Promotes Cell Apoptosis of Normal Thyroid Epithelial Cell Nthy-ori-3 Through YBOX3/P21 Pathway.

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy. Although the general prognosis is good, the treatment of advanced disease is still challenging. Exosomes are vesicle units containing specific components that transmit information between cells.

BCOR-CCNB3 rearranged sarcoma arising in neck misdiagnosed as thyroid cancer: A case report.

BCOR-rearranged sarcoma is the third common subtype of undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma and was first recognized in 2012 from bone sarcoma with a similar morphological manifestation with undifferentiated round cell but totally different molecular hallmark from Ewing sarcoma. Primary BCOR-rearranged sarcomas were mostly found in bone and soft tissue and were sporadically reported in viscera involving kidney, which add difficulties in differential diagnosis. Here we present a 21 years old male patient with BCOR-CCNB3 in neck, which first diagnosed as thyroid cancer.

A 4 Gene-based Immune Signature Predicts Dedifferentiation and Immune Exhaustion in Thyroid Cancer.

Context: The role of immune-related genes (IRGs) in thyroid cancer dedifferentiation and accompanying immune exhaustion remains largely unexplored.

Objective: To construct a significant IRG-based signature indicative of dedifferentiation and immune exhaustion in thyroid cancer.

Design And Settings: One exploratory cohort and 2 validation cohorts were used to identify stably dysregulated IRGs in dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (DDTC) and to obtain independent risk factors for dedifferentiation.

Arms-qPCR Improves Detection Sensitivity of Earlier Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancers With Worse Prognosis Determined by Coexisting BRAF V600E and Tert Promoter Mutations.

Objective: The coexistence of BRAF V600E and the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation C228T/C250T is extensively associated with thyroid cancer prognosis. Our study aimed to establish a sensitive method for mutation detection and explore the correlation in detail.

Methods: The BRAF and TERT promoter mutation status of 250 papillary thyroid cancers was determined using amplification-refractory mutation system quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-qPCR) and Sanger sequencing to compare the sensitivity of the 2 methods.

Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of the thyroid gland: A rare cancer harboring TRK fusion.

Mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC), or secretory carcinoma of the thyroid is an extremely rare disease harboring ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion with TRK activation. Here we report the twelfth case of MASC of the thyroid worldwide. A 36-year-old female was diagnosed with poor-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC).

Mitotically associated long non-coding RNA is a tumor promoter in anaplastic thyroid cancer.

Background: Patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), which is among the deadliest of all cancers, often have a poor response to traditional therapies. Currently, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ATC carcinogenesis is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the lncRNA expression profile of ATC with the aim of identifying potential molecular targets for treatment of the disease.