Modeling craniopharyngioma for drug screening reveals a neuronal mechanism for tumor growth.

Tumors occurring along the hypothalamus-pituitary axis receive axonal projection from neuroendocrine neurons, but it remains unclear whether neuroendocrine neuronal activity drives tumor expansion. Craniopharyngioma is a common suprasellar tumor with a propensity for invading the hypothalamus, leading to devastating endocrine and metabolic disorders. Here, we developed two autochthonous animal models that faithfully recapitulate the molecular pathology, clinical manifestations, and transcriptomic profiles of papillary craniopharyngioma.

Melatonin attenuates cardiac dysfunction and inflammation in dilated cardiomyopathy via M2 macrophage polarization.

Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone that exerts protective effects on the heart. Increasing evidence suggests that macrophage M2-type polarization improves myocardial regeneration and repair. Therefore, this study investigated whether melatonin ameliorates dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) by modulating M2-type polarization.

Integration of food raw materials, food microbiology, and food additives: systematic research and comprehensive insights into sweet sorghum juice, TGL-A236 and bio-butyric acid.

Introduction: Sweet sorghum juice is a typical production feedstock for natural, eco-friendly sweeteners and beverages. is one of the widely used microorganisms in the food industry, and its principal product, bio-butyric acid is an important food additive. There are no published reports of producing butyric acid using SSJ as the sole substrate without adding exogenous substances, which could reach a food-additive grade.

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the carbon ion beam irradiation-generated mutant strain Clostridium butyricum FZM 240 in vitro and in vivo.

Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) represents a new generation of probiotics, which is beneficial because of its good tolerance and ability to produce beneficial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and enzymes; however, its low enzyme activity limits its probiotic efficacy. In this study, a mutant strain, C.

Region-specific transcriptomic responses to obesity and diabetes in macaque hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the progression of obesity and diabetes; however, its structural complexity and cellular heterogeneity impede targeted treatments. Here, we profiled the single-cell and spatial transcriptome of the hypothalamus in obese and sporadic type 2 diabetic macaques, revealing primate-specific distributions of clusters and genes as well as spatial region, cell-type-, and gene-feature-specific changes. The infundibular (INF) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) are most susceptible to metabolic disruption, with the PVN being more sensitive to diabetes.

Single-neuron projectomes of mouse paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus oxytocin neurons reveal mutually exclusive projection patterns.

Oxytocin (OXT) plays important roles in autonomic control and behavioral modulation. However, it is unknown how the projection patterns of OXT neurons align with underlying physiological functions. Here, we present the reconstructed single-neuron, whole-brain projectomes of 264 OXT neurons of the mouse paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) at submicron resolution.

Mediating effect of cumulative lipid profile burden on the effect of diet and obesity on hypertension incidence: a cohort study of people aged 35-65 in rural China.

Background And Objectives: Cumulative lipid profile burden is designed to dynamically measure lipid accumulation, and its effect on hypertension has been poorly studied. Our main purpose was to investigate the effect of cumulative lipid profile burden on the incidence of essential hypertension (EH) and to investigate whether cumulative lipid burden mediates the pathogenesis of the effects of diet and obesity on EH.

Subjects And Methods: A total of 1295 participants were included in the study, which started in 2017.

Association Between Hemoglobin Glycation Index and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older People.

Purpose: Hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) is used to describe the difference between estimated and measured glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The present study aimed to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and HGI in middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

Patients And Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a multi-stage random sampling method was used to select objects from the permanent residents aged 35 years and above living in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.

Ketogenic diet promotes the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in ME region by activating fatty acid oxidation.

Hypothalamic median eminence (ME) is a potential niche for neurons and oligodendrocytes, and trophic factors may regulate hypothalamic function by inducing cellular changes in the ME region. To determine whether diet-induced plasticity exists in hypothalamic stem cells dormant under physiological conditions, we used a combination of a normal diet, a high-fat diet, and a ketogenic diet (a low-carb, high-fat diet) to compare the proliferation of tanycytes (TCs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the ME area of mice under the different diets. The results showed that the ketogenic diet could induce and promote the proliferation of OPCs in the ME area, and blocking the fatty acid oxidation program could inhibit the proliferation of OPCs induced by a ketogenic diet.

Stem cell competition driven by the Axin2-p53 axis controls brain size during murine development.

Cell competition acts as a quality-control mechanism that eliminates cells less fit than their neighbors to optimize organ development. Whether and how competitive interactions occur between neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the developing brain remains unknown. Here, we show that endogenous cell competition occurs and intrinsically correlates with the Axin2 expression level during normal brain development.

Construction of strain and ionic membrane technology combination pattern for refinery final molasses recovery and butyric acid production.

Introduction: has considerable prospect in the production of organic acids. Globally, refinery final molasses is rich in sugar and reported to have high levels of accumulation and high emission costs, recognized as an excellent substrate for fermentation, but there is no suitable method available at present.

Methods: In this study, an acid-base treatment combined with a new green membrane treatment technology - a dynamic ion-exchange membrane -was used to pretreat refinery final molasses, so that it could be used for to produce butyric acid.

Inflammation mediated the effect of dietary fiber on depressive symptoms.

Background And Aims: Previous studies showed that inflammation affects depressive symptoms. Dietary fiber may be associated with inflammation and depressive symptoms. We aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammation and depressive symptoms at different levels of dietary fiber intake and to explore whether dietary fiber affects depression through inflammation.

A Spacetime Odyssey of Neural Progenitors to Generate Neuronal Diversity.

To understand how the nervous system develops from a small pool of progenitors during early embryonic development, it is fundamentally important to identify the diversity of neuronal subtypes, decode the origin of neuronal diversity, and uncover the principles governing neuronal specification across different regions. Recent single-cell analyses have systematically identified neuronal diversity at unprecedented scale and speed, leaving the deconstruction of spatiotemporal mechanisms for generating neuronal diversity an imperative and paramount challenge. In this review, we highlight three distinct strategies deployed by neural progenitors to produce diverse neuronal subtypes, including predetermined, stochastic, and cascade diversifying models, and elaborate how these strategies are implemented in distinct regions such as the neocortex, spinal cord, retina, and hypothalamus.

Moxibustion attenuates inflammation and alleviates axial spondyloarthritis in mice: Possible role of APOE in the inhibition of the Wnt pathway.

Background And Aim: Moxibustion is widely used in China and other East Asian countries to manage the symptom of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This study investigated the effects of moxibustion intervention on protein expression through proteomics analysis in AS mice.

Experimental Procedure: Proteoglycan-induced spondylitis (PGISp) was established in Balb/c mice.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Unravels Upregulation of Immune Cell Crosstalk in Relapsed Pediatric Ependymoma.

Ependymoma (EPN) is a malignant glial tumor occurring throughout central nervous system, which commonly presents in children. Although recent studies have characterized EPN samples at both the bulk and single-cell level, intratumoral heterogeneity across subclones remains a confounding factor that impedes understanding of EPN biology. In this study, we generated a high-resolution single-cell dataset of pediatric ependymoma with a particular focus on the comparison of subclone differences within tumors and showed upregulation of cilium-associated genes in more highly differentiated subclone populations.

Comparative Proteome and Cis-Regulatory Element Analysis Reveals Specific Molecular Pathways Conserved in Dog and Human Brains.

Brain development and function are governed by precisely regulated protein expressions in different regions. To date, multiregional brain proteomes have been systematically analyzed only for adult human and mouse brains. To understand the underpinnings of brain development and function, we generated proteomes from six regions of the postnatal brain at three developmental stages of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), which are special among animals in terms of their remarkable human-like social cognitive abilities.

The Chemerin-CMKLR1 Axis is Functionally important for Central Regulation of Energy Homeostasis.

Chemerin is an adipokine involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism, and has been hypothesized as a link between obesity and type II diabetes. In humans affected by obesity, chemerin gene expression in peripheral tissues and circulating levels are elevated. In mice, plasma levels of chemerin are upregulated by high-fat feeding and gain and loss of function studies show an association of chemerin with body weight, food intake and glucose homeostasis.

Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays.

Spatially resolved transcriptomic technologies are promising tools to study complex biological processes such as mammalian embryogenesis. However, the imbalance between resolution, gene capture, and field of view of current methodologies precludes their systematic application to analyze relatively large and three-dimensional mid- and late-gestation embryos. Here, we combined DNA nanoball (DNB)-patterned arrays and in situ RNA capture to create spatial enhanced resolution omics-sequencing (Stereo-seq).

ASH1L haploinsufficiency results in autistic-like phenotypes in mice and links Eph receptor gene to autism spectrum disorder.

ASD-associated genes are enriched for synaptic proteins and epigenetic regulators. How those chromatin modulators establish ASD traits have remained unknown. We find haploinsufficiency of Ash1l causally induces anxiety and autistic-like behavior, including repetitive behavior, and alters social behavior.

An epigenetic circuit controls neurogenic programs during neocortex development.

The production and expansion of intermediate progenitors (IPs) are essential for neocortical neurogenesis during development and over evolution. Here, we have characterized an epigenetic circuit that precisely controls neurogenic programs, particularly properties of IPs, during neocortical development. The circuit comprises a long non-coding RNA (LncBAR) and the BAF (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex, which transcriptionally maintains the expression of Zbtb20.

Tongue image quality assessment based on a deep convolutional neural network.

Background: Tongue diagnosis is an important research field of TCM diagnostic technology modernization. The quality of tongue images is the basis for constructing a standard dataset in the field of tongue diagnosis. To establish a standard tongue image database in the TCM industry, we need to evaluate the quality of a massive number of tongue images and add qualified images to the database.

Hypothalamic Rax tanycytes contribute to tissue repair and tumorigenesis upon oncogene activation in mice.

Hypothalamic tanycytes in median eminence (ME) are emerging as a crucial cell population that regulates endocrine output, energy balance and the diffusion of blood-born molecules. Tanycytes have recently been considered as potential somatic stem cells in the adult mammalian brain, but their regenerative and tumorigenic capacities are largely unknown. Here we found that Rax+ tanycytes in ME of mice are largely quiescent but quickly enter the cell cycle upon neural injury for self-renewal and regeneration.