Highly stretchable and customizable microneedle electrode arrays for intramuscular electromyography.

Stretchable three-dimensional (3D) penetrating microelectrode arrays have potential utility in various fields, including neuroscience, tissue engineering, and wearable bioelectronics. These 3D microelectrode arrays can penetrate and conform to dynamically deforming tissues, thereby facilitating targeted sensing and stimulation of interior regions in a minimally invasive manner. However, fabricating custom stretchable 3D microelectrode arrays presents material integration and patterning challenges.

Simultaneous determination of trace Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a reduced graphene oxide-chitosan/poly-l-lysine nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode.

The reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and Chitosan (CS) hybrid matrix RGO-CS were coated onto the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, then, poly-l-lysine films (PLL) were prepared by electropolymerization with cyclic voltammetry (CV) method to prepare RGO-CS/PLL modified glassy carbon electrode (RGO-CS/PLL/GCE) for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of heavy metal ions Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II). Combining the advantageous features of RGO and CS, RGO and CS are used together because the positively charged CS can interact with the negatively changed RGO to prevent their aggregation. Furthermore, CS has many amino groups along its macromolecular chains and possessed strongly reactive with metal ions.