Functional abnormalities of the glymphatic system in cognitive disorders.

Various pathological mechanisms represent distinct therapeutic targets for cognitive disorders, but a balance between clearance and production is essential for maintaining the stability of the brain's internal environment. Thus, the glymphatic system may represent a common pathway by which to address cognitive disorders. Using the established model of the glymphatic system as our foundation, this review disentangles and analyzes the components of its clearance mechanism, including the initial inflow of cerebrospinal fluid, the mixing of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid, and the outflow of the mixed fluid and the clearance.

Clinical and Paraclinical Characterizations, Management, and Prognosis in DPPX Antibody-Associated Encephalitis: A Systematic Review.

In dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX) antibody-associated encephalitis, DPPX antibodies from serum and CSF target the extracellular subunit of the voltage-gated potassium channel 4.2. This targeting leads to a characteristic clinical triad comprising gastrointestinal symptoms (predominantly diarrhea), cognitive-psychiatric dysfunction, and manifestations of CNS hyperexcitability, with hyperekplexia being a more specific feature.

Corrigendum: Advances in retinal imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.

Advances in retinal imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease.

The increasing incidence and mortality rates of cerebrovascular disease impose a heavy burden on both patients and society. Retinal imaging techniques, such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography, can be used for rapid, non-invasive evaluation of cerebral microcirculation and brain function since the retina and the central nervous system share similar embryonic origin characteristics and physiological features. This article aimed to review retinal imaging biomarkers related to cerebrovascular diseases and their applications in cerebrovascular diseases (stroke, cerebral small vessel disease [CSVD], and vascular cognitive impairment [VCI]), thus providing reference for early diagnosis and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases.

Effects of Hypertension on Alzheimer's Disease: Updates in Pathophysiological and Neuroimaging Findings.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as the leading cause of dementia, imposing a significant economic toll on society. Despite the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches for AD, their efficacy and safety mandates further validation through rigorous clinical trials. In this context, hypertension (HTN) has garnered considerable attention as an amendable risk factor for AD.

Type 2 herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis responsive to immunoglobulin monotherapy.

Herpes simplex virus-2 encephalitis (HSV2E) in immunocompetent adults is exceptionally rare, and the subsequent onset of autoimmune encephalitis after HSV2E is even less common. This report presents the inaugural Chinese case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) induced by HSV2E, confirmed via metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The patient demonstrated a favorable response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) monotherapy.

Identification of Dementia & Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Elderly Using Machine Learning.

Objective: To assess the role of Machine Learning (ML) in identification critical factors of dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

Methods: 371 elderly individuals were ultimately included in the ML analysis. Demographic information (including gender, age, parity, visual acuity, auditory function, mobility, and medication history) and 35 features from 10 assessment scales were used for modeling.

Baló's concentric sclerosis with spontaneous remission and favorable prognosis.

Introduction: Baló's concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare type of central nervous system demyelinating disorder. Most patients with BCS are treated with corticosteroids, and spontaneous remission has seldom been described.

Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man presented with a subacute-onset headache and memory loss.

Anti-adenylate kinase 5 encephalitis: Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of this rare entity.

The spectrum and understanding of antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis (AE) have expanded over the past few decades. In 2007, a rare subtype of AE known as anti-adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) encephalitis, was first reported. This disease is more common in elderly males, with limbic encephalitis as the core phenotype (characterized by subacute anterograde amnesia, sometimes with psychiatric symptoms, and rarely with seizures).

Stroke-like onset of calcified brain metastases with Wallerian degeneration: a case report and review of the literature.

Introduction: Metastatic brain tumors are a common complication of systemic cancer. They tend to have a chronic onset and are located at the gray-white junction of the cerebral hemispheres, those larger than 9.4 mm in diameter are often accompanied by substantial vasogenic edema.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody overlapping syndrome: insights from the recent case reports.

The overlapping of two or more types of neural autoantibodies in one patient has increasingly been documented in recent years. The coexistence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies is most common, which leads to a unique condition known as the MOG antibody and NMDAR antibody overlapping syndrome (MNOS). Here, we have reviewed the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, paraclinical features, and treatment of MNOS.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease preceding primary central nervous system lymphoma: causality or coincidence?

Introduction: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extranodal lymphomatous malignancy that affects the brain, spinal cord, leptomeninges, or eyes, in the absence of systemic diffusion. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a newly identified benign immune-mediated CNS inflammatory disorder with specific anti-MOG antibody seropositivity. These two seemingly unrelated nosological entities both have abundant clinical and radiological manifestations, and whether there is a potential link between them is unclear.

Phenotyping the late- and younger-onset neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter study.

Neuronal surface antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis (NSAE) occurs across a wide age range. However, few studies focused on the onset age and their related characteristics. We aimed to explore the age-dependent profile of NSAE.

Evaluation of CSF albumin quotient in neuronal surface antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis.

Background And Objectives: Disruption of brain barriers is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of neuronal surface antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis (NSAE), but few studies have focused on their relationship. We aimed to explore the association between the integrity of brain barriers and clinical and paraclinical characteristics in patients with NSAE.

Methods: This retrospective study consecutively recruited patients with NSAE.

Lymphomatosis cerebri: a rare diffuse leukoencephalopathy you should never miss.

Introduction: Lymphomatosis cerebri (LC) is a rare variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma that diffusely involves throughout the brain. In recent years, increasingly reported cases have notably broadened the spectrum of clinical and radiological features; however, it remains a great diagnostic challenge.

Case Report: We reported an atypical case of LC presented with subacute onset of focal neurological deficits and diffuse T2 hyperintensities without contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging.

Occurrence of Intracranial Hemorrhage and Associated Risk Factors in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background And Purpose: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is thought to be a rare but probably underestimated presentation of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with the aim of comprehensively revealing the occurrence of ICH in patients with CADASIL.

Methods: English-language studies published up to September 30, 2021 were searched for in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases.

The Role of Exosomes as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dementia. Accumulation of β-amyloid peptide 1-42 and phosphorylation of tau protein in the brain are the two main pathological features of AD. However, comprehensive studies have shown that neuroinflammation also plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD.

Seizures and epilepsy in multiple sclerosis, aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease.

Seizure is one of the manifestations of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases, which mainly include multiple sclerosis (MS), aquaporin 4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Acute symptomatic seizures secondary to MS/AQP4-NMOSD/MOGAD occur in the acute phase of the diseases, and are more frequent in MOGAD. In contrast, recurrent nonprovoked seizures, mainly attributed to autoimmune-associated epilepsy, occur in the nonacute phase of the diseases.

New cerebral microbleeds in AF patients on non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants or warfarin: One-year follow-up.

Anticoagulant treatment increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but whether the treatment, more specifically non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), increases the risk of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) remains uncertain. We performed this study to investigate the development of new CMBs due to NOACs or warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).We prospectively recruited AF patients before anticoagulation from June 2016 to June 2018.

Evaluation of the Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes in China.

Background: Recently, the paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome (PNS) diagnostic criteria have received a major update with a new score system over the past 16 years. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance and clinical utility in China.

Methods: An eligible cohort of 113 Chinese patients diagnosed with PNSs from the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University and published data were enrolled retrospectively.