Current understanding of macrophages in intracranial aneurysm: relevant etiological manifestations, signaling modulation and therapeutic strategies.

Macrophages activation and inflammatory response play crucial roles in intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation and progression. The outcome of ruptured IA is considerably poor, and the mechanisms that trigger IA progression and rupture remain to be clarified, thereby developing effective therapy to prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) become difficult. Recently, climbing evidences have been expanding our understanding of the macrophages relevant IA pathogenesis, such as immune cells population, inflammatory activation, intra-/inter-cellular signaling transductions and drug administration responses.

Glycolysis-cholesterol metabolic axis in immuno-oncology microenvironment: emerging role in immune cells and immunosuppressive signaling.

Cell proliferation and function require nutrients, energy, and biosynthesis activity to duplicate repertoires for each daughter. It is therefore not surprising that tumor microenvironment (TME) metabolic reprogramming primarily orchestrates the interaction between tumor and immune cells. Tumor metabolic reprogramming affords bioenergetic, signaling intermediates, and biosynthesis requirements for both malignant and immune cells.

Computational modelling of the graft-tunnel interaction in single-bundle ACL reconstructed knee.

Objectives: Tunnel enlargement and graft failure are common complications associated with ACL reconstruction. The mechanical interaction between the graft and the tunnel aperture may play a more important role. This study aims to evaluate graft position within femoral tunnel and the graft force under external loads.

Inflammation and immune cell abnormalities in intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): Relevant signaling pathways and therapeutic strategies.

Intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a cerebrovascular disorder associated with high overall mortality. Currently, the underlying mechanisms of pathological reaction after aneurysm rupture are still unclear, especially in the immune microenvironment, inflammation, and relevant signaling pathways. SAH-induced immune cell population alteration, immune inflammatory signaling pathway activation, and active substance generation are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunosuppression, and brain injury.

Investigation on the regulatory T cells signature and relevant Foxp3/STAT3 axis in esophageal cancer.

Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an important role in accelerating the immunosuppression of tumor. Tregs regulation is a hopeful strategy to improve the dismal prognosis of Esophageal cancer (EC), while its mechanisms have not yet been fully clarified.

Methods: To characterize the role of Tregs in EC, we comprehensively explored its prognostic value, clinical pathology partnership, related biological functions and potential mechanisms at transcriptome level.

Identification of Gene-Set Signature in Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Relevant Immune Characteristics.

Background: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising worldwide, and there is limited therapeutic efficacy due to tumor microenvironment heterogeneity and difficulty in early-stage screening. This study aimed to develop and validate a gene set-based signature for early-stage HCC (eHCC) patients and further explored specific marker dysregulation mechanisms as well as immune characteristics.

Methods: We performed an integrated bioinformatics analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical data with three independent cohorts.

Identification of CXCL10-Relevant Tumor Microenvironment Characterization and Clinical Outcome in Ovarian Cancer.

Background: Chemokines are implicated in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration. Development of ovarian cancer involves heterologous cells together with the adjacent microenvironment. Nonetheless, our understanding of the chemokine-related TME characteristics in ovarian cancer remains obscure.

Coordinated regulation of immune contexture: crosstalk between STAT3 and immune cells during breast cancer progression.

Recent insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cancer development have revealed the tumor microenvironment (TME) immune cells to functionally affect the development and progression of breast cancer. However, insufficient evidence of TME immune modulators limit the clinical application of immunotherapy for advanced and metastatic breast cancers. Intercellular STAT3 activation of immune cells plays a central role in breast cancer TME immunosuppression and distant metastasis.

Comprehensive assessment of PD-L1 and PD-L2 dysregulation in gastrointestinal cancers.

and are ligands of . Their overexpression has been reported in different cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of and dysregulation and their related signaling pathways are still unclear in gastrointestinal cancers.

Increased ABCC4 Expression Induced by ERRα Leads to Docetaxel Resistance via Efflux of Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer.

Docetaxel is a major treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa); however, its resistance compromises clinical effectiveness. Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha (ERRα) belongs to an orphan nuclear receptor superfamily and was recently found to be closely involved in cancer. In the present study, we found that ERRα was involved in docetaxel resistance in PCa.

Conditional reprogramming: next generation cell culture.

Long-term primary culture of mammalian cells has been always difficult due to unavoidable senescence. Conventional methods for generating immortalized cell lines usually require manipulation of genome which leads to change of important biological and genetic characteristics. Recently, conditional reprogramming (CR) emerges as a novel next generation tool for long-term culture of primary epithelium cells derived from almost all origins without alteration of genetic background of primary cells.

mA RNA modification modulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway in Gastrointestinal Cancer.

Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (mA) is the most prevalent RNA modification within protein-coding mRNAs in mammals, and it is a reversible modification with various important biological functions. The formation and function of mA are regulated by methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and special binding proteins (readers) as key factors. However, the underlying modification mechanisms of mA in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer remain unclear.

Analysis of Key Genes Regulating the Warburg Effect in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancers and Selective Inhibition of This Metabolic Pathway in Liver Cancer Cells.

Objective: The Warburg effect, also known as aerobic glycolysis, plays a dominant role in the development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. In this study, we analyzed the expression of key genes involved in the Warburg effect in GI cancers and investigated the effect of suppressing the Warburg effect in vitro in liver cancer cell lines.

Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-Seq data were used to determine gene expression levels, which were analyzed with GraphPad Prism 7.

Emerging role of mTOR in tumor immune contexture: Impact on chemokine-related immune cells migration.

During the last few decades, cell-based anti-tumor immunotherapy emerged and it has provided us with a large amount of knowledge. Upon chemokines recognition, immune cells undergo rapid trafficking and activation in disease milieu, with immune cells chemotaxis being accompanied by activation of diverse intercellular signal transduction pathways. The outcome of chemokines-mediated immune cells chemotaxis interacts with the cue of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Engineering nanoparticles to reprogram radiotherapy and immunotherapy: recent advances and future challenges.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly studied for radiosensitization. The principle of NPs radio-enhancement is to use high-atomic number NPs (e.g.

Comprehensive understanding of B7 family in gastric cancer: expression profile, association with clinicopathological parameters and downstream targets.

B7 family members were identified as co-stimulators or co-inhibitors of the immune response and played important roles in cancer immunotherapy; however, their dysregulation in gastric cancer is still unclear. Data were obtained from TCGA and GTEX database. B7 mutations, association with DNA methylation and affected proteins were analyzed in cBioportal.

Molecular Markers of Regulatory T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy with Special Focus on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - A Systematic Review.

The next-generation immunotherapy can only be effective if researchers have an in-depth understanding of the function and regulation of Treg cells in antitumor immunity combined with the discovery of new immunity targets. This can enhance clinical efficacy of future and novel therapies and reduces any adverse reactions arising from the latter. This review discusses tumor treatment strategies using regulatory T (Treg) cell therapy in a Tumor Microenvironment (TME).

m1A Regulated Genes Modulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ErbB Pathways in Gastrointestinal Cancer.

Background: Gene expression can be posttranscriptionally regulated by a complex network of proteins. N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a newly validated RNA modification. However, little is known about both its influence and biogenesis in tumor development.

The molecular landscape of histone lysine methyltransferases and demethylases in non-small cell lung cancer.

: Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Histone methylation was reported to regulate the expression of a variety of genes in cancer. However, comprehensive understanding of the expression profiles of histone methyltransferases and demethylases in lung cancer is still lacking.

Identification of Genetic Mutations in Cancer: Challenge and Opportunity in the New Era of Targeted Therapy.

The introduction of targeted therapy is the biggest success in the treatment of cancer in the past few decades. However, heterogeneous cancer is characterized by diverse molecular alterations as well as multiple clinical profiles. Specific genetic mutations in cancer therapy targets may increase drug sensitivity, or more frequently result in therapeutic resistance.

An overview of the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in gastric cancer: Spotlight on novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that have displayed strong association with gastric cancer (GC). Through the repression of target mRNAs, miRNAs regulate many biological pathways that are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, metastasis as well as drug resistance. The detection of miRNAs in tissues and in body fluids emerges as a promising method in the diagnosis and prognosis of GC, due to their unique expression pattern in correlation with GC.

Protective Role of T Cells in Different Pathogen Infections and Its Potential Clinical Application.

T cells, a subgroup of T cells based on the TCR, when compared with conventional T cells ( T cells), make up a very small proportion of T cells. However, its various subgroups are widely distributed in different parts of the human body and are attractive effectors for infectious disease immunity. T cells are activated and expanded by nonpeptidic antigens (P-Ags), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and lipids which are associated with different kinds of pathogen infections.