SWAT ungauged: Water quality modeling in the Upper Mississippi River Basin.

Improving model performance in ungauged basins has been a chronic challenge in watershed model application to understand and assess water quality impacts of agricultural conservation practices, land use change, and climate adaptation measures in large river basins. Here, we evaluate a modified version of SWAT2012 (referred to as SWAT-EC hereafter), which integrates an energy balanced soil temperature module (STM) and the CENTRUY-based soil organic matter algorithm, for simulating water quality parameters in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB), and compare it against the original SWAT2012. Model evaluation was performed for simulating streamflow, sediment, and nitrate-N (NO-N) and total nitrogen (TN) loadings at three stations near the outlets of UMRB.

Platelet activating factor induces transient blood-brain barrier opening to facilitate edaravone penetration into the brain.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly limits the efficacy of many neuroprotective drugs' delivery to the brain, so improving drug penetration through the BBB has been an important focus of research. Here we report that platelet activating factor (PAF) transiently opened BBB and facilitated neuroprotectant edaravone penetration into the brain. Intravenous infusion with PAF induced a transient BBB opening in rats, reflected by increased Evans blue leakage and mild edema formation, which ceased within 6 h.

Penetration of verapamil across blood brain barrier following cerebral ischemia depending on both paracellular pathway and P-glycoprotein transportation.

Background: Blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a common facet of cerebral ischemia, and the alteration of drug transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), has been documented.

Aims: This study explores influence of damaged BBB and elevated P-gp on cerebral verapamil penetration after ischemia both in vivo and in vitro.

Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of rats, and Na(2)S(2)O(4) induced hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) damage of rat brain mirovessel endothelial cells (RBMECs) respectively, served as BBB breakdown model in vivo and in vitro.

Therapeutic neuroprotective effects of XQ-1H in a rat model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes for death and severe disabilities in the world. XQ-1H exerts neuroprotective effects under various neurotoxic conditions in vitro. In vivo, it reduces brain damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia.

Therapeutic neuroprotective effects of ginkgolide B on cortex and basal ganglia in a rat model of transient focal ischemia.

Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion is one of the leading causes for death and severe disabilities in the world and often lead to irreversible brain damage over later lifespan. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of pathological damage in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia following ischemia and to evaluate the therapeutic neuroprotective effect of ginkgolide B in a rat model of stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). TTC stain, brain water content and Evans-Blue extravasation were used to quantify brain damage.