In vitro metabolism of seven arolyl-derived fentanyl-type new psychoactive substances.

Over the past decade, fentanyl-type new psychoactive substances (F-NPS) have emerged as the most representative synthetic opioids in third-generation drugs. These substances are characterized by their "low" fatal dose and parent drug levels in biological matrices, "fast" rates of derivatization and metabolism, and "many" derivatization sites and analogs. The low levels of parent fentanyl NPS in biological matrices complicate their detection, necessitating the use of characteristic metabolites as biomarkers for forensic analysis.

In vitro 3D cocultured tumor-vascular barrier model based on alginate hydrogel and Transwell system for anti-cancer drug evaluation.

The development of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model to recapitulate the in vivo tumor tissue is essential for studying tumor biology, discovering anti-cancer drugs, and evaluating anti-cancer drug efficacy. However, most of the previous models lack the involvement of vascular barrier. Here, we proposed an in vitro 3D cocultured tumor-vascular barrier model by the combination of alginate hydrogels beads and Transwell system.