Insights into production and consumption processes of nitrous oxide emitted from soilless culture systems by dual isotopocule plot and functional genes.

Soilless culture systems (SCS) play an increasing role in greenhouse vegetable production. In the SCS, soilless substrates serve as the major substitute for soil, supplying nutrients to plants but releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Remarkably, there is a serious problem of NO emission due to excessive input of N fertilizer.

[Identifying the Sources of Groudwater NO-N in Agricultural Region of Qingdao].

To increase crops yields, applying large amounts of fertilizers has become increasingly common in agricultural regions, resulting in NO-N groundwater pollution. Agricultural non-point pollution is the main source of groundwater NO-N pollution. To ensure drinking water safety and quality, it is crucial to clarify the sources of NO-N pollution in agricultural regions.

[Seasonal variation of phytoplankton community and its relationship with environment in subtropical reservoirs: A comparison between two methods of functional groups classification].

Phytoplankton is the most important biological component in the reservoir ecosystem, which could indicate the status of aquatic ecosystem due to its sensitive to environmental variation. To understand the application and difference between two methods of phytoplankton functional group classification, functional groups (FG) and morphology-based functional groups (MBFG), in indicating the changes of reservoir environment, we investigated water quality and phytoplankton in Qingshitan Reservoir monthly from March 2016 to February 2017. Two phytoplankton functional groups classifications (FG and MBFG) were used to analyze phytoplankton community composition, seasonal succession, and its driving factors.

[Effects of elevated CO concentration on production and water use efficiency of spring wheat in semi-arid area].

In the present study, the response of spring wheat production and water use efficiency (WUE) to the elevated CO concentrations was investigated based on the open-top chamber (OTC) experiment platform in Dingxi, a typical semi-arid area. Three different CO concentrations (390 μmol·mol, 480 μmol·mol and 570 μmol·mol) were involved. The results showed that the air temperature above plant canopy increased and the soil temperature at depth of 10 cm decreased by elevated CO.

[Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on emission and sources of NO in vegetable soils].

To clarify the microbial pathway of the NO production and consumption under different fertilizers and provide theoretical basis for the reduction of NO emission and rational management of fertilization in vegetable soils, we examined dynamics of NO flux and isotope signatures under different fertilizer treatments in the vegetable soils of Beijing, by setting up four treatments (organic-acetylene, organic-nonacetylene, inorganic-acetylene, inorganic-nonacetylene) and using the stable isotope technique of natural NO abundance. The results showed that the cumulative NO emission from organic-acetylene group, organic-nonacetylene group, inorganic-acetylene group and inorganic-nonacetylene group was (374±37), (283±34), (458±36), (355±41) g·m in cabbage growing season, respectively. NO fluxes were significantly lower in treatments with organic fertilizer than those with inorganic fertilizer and significantly higher in acetylene group than nonacetylene group.

[A review on development of stable isotope technique in the studies of NO formation mechanism].

As one of three major greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (NO) has solicited substantial attention. Stable isotope has been widely used to explore the sources of NO emissions. Here, we briefly introduced the microbial processes involved in NO emissions, and the main influencing factors.

[Effects of soil water condition on NO emission and its sources in vegetable farmland of North China Plain].

To understand the mechanisms of agricultural NO emission, we investigated the NO emission dynamics, the NO isotope signatures, and the site preference value under different soil water conditions in the vegetable farmland of North China, by using the stable isotope technique and the acetylene inhibition method. The results demonstrated that NO emission was significantly affec-ted by the water condition, and NO emissions from soil with water-filled pore space (WFPS) of 70% were significantly higher than that with 50% WFPS. NO emission occurred mostly in the early stage of fertilization, and decreased rapidly in the later stage of fertilization.

Structure elucidation of a bioactive polysaccharide from fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus in different maturation stages.

HPB-3, a heteropolysaccharide, with a mean molecular weight of 1.5×10(4)Da, was obtained from the maturating-stage IV, V and VI fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus, exhibited higher macrophages stimulation activities, was able to upregulate the functional events mediated by activated macrophages, such as production of nitric oxide (NO). Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that HPB-3 comprised l-fucose, d-galactose and d-glucose in the ratio of 5.

Chemical Compositions and Macrophage Activation of Polysaccharides from Leon's Mane Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in Different Maturation Stages.

We studied the effect of the maturation stage on the chemical compositions and macrophage activation activity of polysaccharides from the culinary-medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Results showed that total polysaccharides increased, whereas protein content decreased with the maturation stage development of fruiting body. Nine polysaccharide fractions, 3 from each of the maturity stages IV (small fungal spine stage), V (mid-fungal spine stage) and VI (mature), were prepared using the gradient ethanol precipitation method.