One-Pot Production of Cinnamonitriles from Lignin β-O-4 Segments Induced by Selective Oxidation of the γ-OH Group.

The construction of N-containing aromatic compounds from lignin is of great importance to expanding the boundary of the biorefinery and meeting the demand for value-added biorefinery. However, it remains a huge challenge due to the complex lignin structure and the incompatible catalysis for C-O/C-C bond cleavage and C-N formation. Herein, sustainable synthesis of cinnamonitrile derivatives from lignin β-O-4 model compounds in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine oxide (TEMPO), (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (BAIB), and a strong base has been achieved in a one-pot, two-step fashion under transition-metal-free conditions.

Depolymerization of lignin over heterogeneous Co-NC catalyst.

Green and atom-economic depolymerization of lignin remains a great challenge due to its complex non-repetitive structure and the inert property for chemo-digestion. A redox-neutral lignin depolymerization system without the use of extra oxidant and/or reductant over a Co-NC catalyst has been developed in this work, providing the first non-noble metal heterogeneous catalytic system for redox-neutral valorization of lignin. Mechanistic studies based on control reactions and deuterium labeling experiments suggest that the reaction proceeds via a metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation of C-OH to afford a carbonyl intermediate, followed by C-O bond cleavage (via hydrogenolysis) to afford monophenols and aromatic ketone products.

Copper-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage coupling with CN bond formation toward mild synthesis of lignin-based benzonitriles.

N-participated lignin depolymerization is of great importance for the transformation of waste lignin into value-added chemicals. The vast majority of developed strategies employ organic amines as nitrogen source, and considerable methods rely on excessive use of strong base, which suffers severe environmental issues. Herein, benzonitrile derivatives are synthesized from oxidized lignin β-O-4 model compounds in the presence of solid nitrogen source (NH)CO under mild, base-free conditions over commercially available copper catalyst.

Catalytic Refining Lignin-Derived Monomers: Seesaw Effect between Nanoparticle and Single-Atom Pt.

Pt automatically adsorbed on oxygen vacancy of TiO via an in situ interfacial redox reaction, resulting in atomically dispersion of Pt on TiO. In the upgrading of lignin-derived 4-propylguaiacol, single-atom catalyst (SAC) Pt/TiO-H achieved a conversion of 96.9 % and a demethoxylation selectivity of 93.

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives synthesis from lignin β-O-4 segments via a one-pot multicomponent reaction.

The catalytic conversion of lignin into N-containing chemicals is of great significance for the realization of value-added biorefinery concept. In this article, a one-pot strategy was designed for the transformation of lignin β-O-4 model compounds to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in yields up to 95% using 2-aminopyridine as a nitrogen source. This transformation involves highly coupled cleavage of C-O bonds, spC-H bond oxidative activation, and intramolecular dehydrative coupling reaction to construction of N-heterobicyclic ring.

Successive Cleavage and Reconstruction of Lignin β-O-4 Models and Polymer to Access Quinoxalines.

The construction of N-heterocyclic compounds from lignin remains a great challenge due to the complex lignin structure and the involvement of multiple steps, including the cleavage of lignin C-O linkages and the formation of heterocyclic aromatic rings. Herein, the first example of KOH mediated sustainable synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives from lignin β-O-4 model compounds in a one-pot fashion under transition-metal-free conditions has been achieved. Mechanistic studies suggested that this transformation includes highly coupled cascade steps of cleavage of C-O bonds, dehydrative condensation, sp C-H bond oxidative activation, and intramolecular dehydrative coupling reaction.

Factors associated with lower-extremity amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in a Chinese tertiary care hospital.

Providing a better understanding of the risk factors for amputation in this particular region, Hunan province, in China might help patients with diabetic foot ulcers receive timely and appropriate medical care and help prevent amputation. Diabetic foot ulcer patients referred to the Third Xiangya Hospital during the period between December 2014 and September 2018 were enrolled. Participants who underwent amputations and received conservative treatments were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the independent predictors of amputation.

Please Be Careful with Me: Discrepancies between Adolescent Expectations and Clinician Perspectives on the Management of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.

Study Objective: To compare clinician perspectives for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with those of adolescent patients and parents.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Urban academic pediatric and adolescent medicine practices and school-based health clinics in a large urban community with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and a national sample of adolescent-serving clinicians.

A cold-induced phytosulfokine peptide is related to the improvement of loquat fruit chilling tolerance.

A novel peptidomics approach was used to discover cold-induced peptides in loquat fruit. Twenty unique peptides derived from 18 proproteins were identified, and they were involved in sugar signalling, protein metabolism and stress response. The quantitative analysis revealed 7 peptides with more than 2-fold upregulation, especially a 4.

The dichloromethane fraction from Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. leaves exerts an anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Mahonia bealei has a long history of medical use in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammatory-associated diseases. Despite numerous phytochemical and pharmacological studies, there is a lack of systematic studies to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant.

Aim Of Study: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the dichloromethane fraction from M.

5-Methoxyl Aesculetin Abrogates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Suppressing MAPK and AP-1 Pathways in RAW 264.7 Cells.

For the first time, a pale amorphous coumarin derivative, 5-methoxyl aesculetin (MOA), was isolated from the dried bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Oleaceae). MOA modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, but the precise mechanisms are still not fully understood.

MiR-20a and miR-20b negatively regulate autophagy by targeting RB1CC1/FIP200 in breast cancer cells.

Aims: RB1CC1/FIP200 was essential for autophagosome formation. Therefore, RB1CC1/FIP200 cellular levels are critical for the activation of the autophagy pathways. Following the screen of miRNAs affecting RB1CC1/FIP200 level and rapamycin-induced autophagy, we discovered miR-20a and miR-20b could regulate autophagy by targeting RB1CC1/FIP200.

The ARTμS: a novel microfluidic CD4+ T-cell enumeration system for monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients.

We report on a novel and cost-effective microfluidic platform that integrates immunomagnetic separation and cell enumeration via DNA-induced bead aggregation. Using a two-stage immunocapture microdevice, 10 μL of whole blood was processed to isolate CD4+ T-cells. The first stage involved the immuno-subtraction of monocytes by anti-CD14 magnetic beads, followed by CD4+ T-cell capture with anti-CD4 magnetic beads.

Sp1-mediated transcriptional regulation of MALAT1 plays a critical role in tumor.

Background: MALAT1 was discovered as a prognostic marker for lung cancer metastasis and has been found upregulated in many types of tumor, but its transcriptional regulation mechanism in tumors remains unclear.

Methods: A deletion analysis of MALAT1 promoter region was performed to find the cis elements that were critical for the transcriptional activation of MALAT1 gene. Reporter gene assays were employed to analyze the effect of Sp1 on the promoter activity of MALAT1 gene.

Understanding consumer preferences for care of adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease.

Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate consumers' maximum willingness-to-pay (WTP) for follow-up PID services by physicians and community health nurses (CHNs), differences by consumer type (adolescents versus parents), and the differences in health-provider predicted WTP consumer estimates and actual consumer WTP estimates.

Methods: In this IRB-approved study, a contingent valuation method was used to collect WTP data regarding co-payments to physicians or nurses for clinical service delivery from the consumers of adolescent PID services (parents and adolescents) and health providers using a national convenience sample. Consumers were recruited from an academic pediatric and adolescent medicine clinic and five health department school-based health clinics in a large urban community with high (sexually transmitted infection) STI prevalence.

Clinician perspectives on management of adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease using standardized patient scenarios.

National survey data designed to delineate clinician perspectives on the indications to hospitalize adolescents for pelvic inflammatory disease indicate that clinicians endorse care consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines but that there is less agreement on the social factors that may impair an adolescent's ability to self-care in the outpatient setting.

Role of maternal viremia and placental infection in hepatitis B virus intrauterine transmission.

The mechanism of intrauterine hepatitis B virus infection has not been established. In this study, venous blood, cord blood, and placental tissues from 171 chronic hepatitis B virus infected pregnant women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antigen, and hepatitis B virus DNA. We found that residence, mode of delivery, age, and number of gestational weeks of pregnant women were not correlated with intrauterine hepatitis B virus infection, while neonates of mothers who were hepatitis B s antigen positive and hepatitis B e antigen positive (P < 0.

(5-Benzoyl-2-methyl-4-{[1-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]meth-oxy}-1-benzofuran-7-yl)(phen-yl)methanone.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(31)H(22)N(4)O(4), features weak C-H⋯O inter-actions. The dihedral angle between the fused benzene and furan rings is 2.49 (15)°, while that between the triazole and pyridine rings is 10.

Adolescent and parental utilities for the health states associated with pelvic inflammatory disease.

Purpose: There is limited information about how the consumers of adolescent pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) care value health states associated with the disorder. The aim of this study is to determine and compare adolescent and parent PID-related health utilities.

Methods: Adolescent girls (N=134) and parents (N=121) completed a web-based utility elicitation survey.

Synthesis and characterization of solution-processable polyelectrolyte complexes and their homogeneous membranes.

Solution-processable polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) between poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were synthesized in aqueous NaOH and obtained in their solid forms by protection and deprotection of carboxylic acid groups. Elemental analysis, conductance measurement, and FT-IR showed that the composition and ionic complexation degree (ICD) of the PECs can be controlled effectively by tuning the NaOH concentration in both parent polyelectrolyte solutions. Thermal gravity analysis showed that PECs revealed good thermal stability, and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PECs increased with increasing ICD and finally became undetectable when ICD was above 0.

Formation of thiolated nucleosides present in tRNA from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium occurs in two principally distinct pathways.

tRNA from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contains five thiolated nucleosides, 2-thiocytidine (s(2)C), 4-thiouridine (s(4)U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm(5)s(2)U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (cmnm(5)s(2)U), and N-6-(4-hydroxyisopentenyl)-2-methylthioadenosine (ms(2)io(6)A). The levels of all of them are significantly reduced in cells with a mutated iscS gene, which encodes the cysteine desulfurase IscS, a member of the ISC machinery that is responsible for [Fe-S] cluster formation in proteins. A mutant (iscU52) was isolated that carried an amino acid substitution (S107T) in the IscU protein, which functions as a major scaffold in the formation of [Fe-S] clusters.

The conserved Cys-X1-X2-Cys motif present in the TtcA protein is required for the thiolation of cytidine in position 32 of tRNA from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.

The modified nucleoside 2-thiocytidine (s(2)C) has so far been found in tRNA from organisms belonging to the phylogenetic domains Archaea and Bacteria. In the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, s(2)C is present in position 32 of only four tRNA species-, and. An in-frame deletion of an S.