Advances in A-to-I RNA editing in cancer.

RNA modifications are widespread throughout the mammalian transcriptome and play pivotal roles in regulating various cellular processes. These modifications are strongly linked to the development of many cancers. One of the most prevalent forms of RNA modifications in humans is adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, catalyzed by the enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).

Nanocarriers Targeting Circular RNA ADARB1 Boost Radiosensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through Synergically Promoting Ferroptosis.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor of the head and neck, prevalent in regions such as Southern China and Southeast Asia. Radiotherapy serves as the primary clinical treatment for this carcinoma. However, resistance to radiotherapy is a fundamental cause of treatment failure and patient mortality, with the underlying mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated.

METTL14 promotes lipid metabolism reprogramming and sustains nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression via enhancing mA modification of ANKRD22 mRNA.

Background: N-methyladenosine (mA) modification is essential for modulating RNA processing as well as expression, particularly in the context of malignant tumour progression. However, the exploration of mA modification in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains very limited.

Methods: RNA mA levels were analysed in NPC using mA dot blot assay.

Spatial Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Landscapes of Oral Submucous Fibrosis-Derived Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Tumor Microenvironment.

In South and Southeast Asia, the habit of chewing betel nuts is prevalent, which leads to oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). OSF is a well-established precancerous lesion, and a portion of OSF cases eventually progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation of OSCC from OSF are poorly understood.

Advances and prospects of mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer vaccines, designed to activate the body's own immune system to fight against tumors, are a current trend in cancer treatment and receiving increasing attention. Cancer vaccines mainly include oncolytic virus vaccine, cell vaccine, peptide vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine. Over the course of decades of research, oncolytic virus vaccine T-VEC, cellular vaccine sipuleucel-T, various peptide vaccines, and DNA vaccine against HPV positive cervical cancer have brought encouraging results for cancer therapy, but are losing momentum in development due to their respective shortcomings.

NK cells as powerful therapeutic tool in cancer immunotherapy.

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells have gained considerable attention and hold great potential for their application in tumor immunotherapy. This is mainly due to their MHC-unrestricted and pan-specific recognition capabilities, as well as their ability to rapidly respond to and eliminate target cells. To artificially generate therapeutic NK cells, various materials can be utilized, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), umbilical cord blood (UCB), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and NK cell lines.

Microsatellite Status Detection of Colorectal Cancer: Evaluation of Inconsistency between PCR and IHC.

An essential component of precision medical treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) is the use of microsatellite state in combination with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as the primary clinical detection methods. Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch-repair deficiency (dMMR) accounts for about 15% of all CRC patients. Characterized by a high mutation burden, MSI-H is a predictive biomarker of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Circular RNA circRILPL1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma malignant progression by activating the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we revealed for the first time that circRILPL1 was upregulated in NPC, weakened adhesion and decreased stiffness of NPC cells, and promoted NPC proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circRILPL1 inhibited the LATS1-YAP kinase cascade by binding to and activating ROCK1, resulting in decrease of YAP phosphorylation.

Overview and countermeasures of cancer burden in China.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death worldwide. Treatment of cancer exhausts significant medical resources, and the morbidity and mortality caused by cancer is a huge social burden. Cancer has therefore become a serious economic and social problem shared globally.

Application prospect of circular RNA-based neoantigen vaccine in tumor immunotherapy.

Neoantigen is a protein produced by mutant gene, which is only expressed in tumor cells. It is an ideal target for therapeutic tumor vaccines. Although synthetic long peptide (SLP)-based neoantigen vaccine, DNA-based neoantigen vaccine, and mRNA-based neoantigen vaccine are all in the development stage, they have some inherent shortcomings.

Emerging roles of tRNA in cancer.

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play pivotal roles in the transmission of genetic information, and abnormality of tRNAs directly leads to translation disorders and causes diseases, including cancer. The complex modifications enable tRNA to execute its delicate biological function. Alteration of appropriate modifications may affect the stability of tRNA, impair its ability to carry amino acids, and disrupt the pairing between anticodons and codons.

Circular RNA circPVT1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis via the β-TrCP/c-Myc/SRSF1 positive feedback loop.

Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as gene expression regulators and are involved in cancer progression. However, their functions have not been sufficiently investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods: The expression profiles of circRNAs in NPC cells within different metastatic potential were reanalyzed.

Cyclophilin A binds to AKT1 and facilitates the tumorigenicity of Epstein-Barr virus by mediating the activation of AKT/mTOR/NF-κB positive feedback loop.

The AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signalings are crucial pathways activated in cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is prevalent in southern China and closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. How these master pathways are persistently activated in EBV-associated NPC remains to be investigated. Here we demonstrated that EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promoted cyclophilin A (CYPA) expression through the activation of NF-κB.

Circular RNA circCCNB1 inhibits the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through binding and stabilizing TJP1 mRNA.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in people from Southeast Asia and Southern China. NPC is prone to migration and invasion, leading to poor prognosis. A large number of circular RNAs (circRNAs) exacerbate the process of metastasis in NPC; however, their underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Splicing factor derived circular RNA circCAMSAP1 accelerates nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumorigenesis via a SERPINH1/c-Myc positive feedback loop.

Background: Circular RNAs play an important role in tumor genesis and progression, but they have not been sufficiently studied in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods: The circular RNA, circCAMSAP1, was screened in NPC cells by RNA sequencing analysis. The expression of circCAMSAP1 in NPC tissues was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and in situ hybridization.

EBV miRNAs BART11 and BART17-3p promote immune escape through the enhancer-mediated transcription of PD-L1.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is reportedly the first identified human tumor virus, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric carcinoma (GC), and several lymphomas. PD-L1 expression is elevated in EBV-positive NPC and GC tissues; however, the specific mechanisms underlying the EBV-dependent promotion of PD-L1 expression to induce immune escape warrant clarification. EBV encodes 44 mature miRNAs.

Potential applications of N -methyladenosine modification in the prognosis and treatment of cancers via modulating apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis.

N -methyladenosine (m A) is one of the most abundant modifications determining the fate of RNA. Currently, m A modification is tightly connected with tumorigenesis and presents novel promise in clinical applications. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a programmed mechanism that plays a complicated role in malignant transition.

Recent advances of fluorescent biosensors based on cyclic signal amplification technology in biomedical detection.

The cyclic signal amplification technology has been widely applied for the ultrasensitive detection of many important biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), metal ions, exosome, etc. Due to their low content in the complex biological samples, traditional detection methods are insufficient to satisfy the requirements for monitoring those biomolecules. Therefore, effective and sensitive biosensors based on cyclic signal amplification technology are of great significance for the quick and simple diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

A fluorescence strategy for circRNA quantification in tumor cells based on T7 nuclease-assisted cycling enzymatic amplification.

Circular Ribonucleic Acid (CircRNA) plays regulatory roles in many biological processes, such as tumors and metabolic diseases. Due to the fact that circRNA is more stable and conservative than linear RNA, circRNA has become a potential biomarker in early clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. Therefore, the quantification of circRNA expression level is of importance for understanding their functions and their applications for disease diagnosis and treatment.

The role of alternative splicing in human cancer progression.

In eukaryotes, alternative splicing refers to a process via which a single precursor RNA (pre-RNA) is transcribed into different mature RNAs. Thus, alternative splicing enables the translation of a limited number of coding genes into a large number of proteins with different functions. Although, alternative splicing is common in normal cells, it also plays an important role in cancer development.

IGFBP7-AS1 is a p53-responsive long noncoding RNA downregulated by Epstein-Barr virus that contributes to viral tumorigenesis.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely related to the development of several malignancies, such as B-cell lymphoma (B-CL), by the mechanism through which these malignancies develop remains largely unknown. We previously observed downregulation of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) IGFBP7-AS1 in response to EBV infection. However, the role of IGFBP7-AS1 in EBV-associated cancers has not been clarified.

Circular RNA circRNF13 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via SUMO2.

Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed in human cells and are closely associated with cancer development. However, they have rarely been investigated in the context of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods: We screened a new circRNA, circRNF13, in NPC cells using next-generation sequencing of mRNA.