Synergistic effects of exposure to multiple types of violence on non-fatal drug overdose among women who inject drugs in Indonesia.

Background: While research has demonstrated associations between experiencing violence from intimate and non-intimate partners and non-fatal drug overdose among women who inject drugs, existing studies focus predominantly on the Global North and are analytically limited. Guided by syndemics theory, this study examined whether different forms of gender-based violence exert independent and interactive effects on non-fatal drug overdose among women who inject drugs in Indonesia.

Methods: We recruited 731 cisgender adult women who injected drugs in the preceding year via respondent-driven sampling.