The role of industry 4.0 enabling technologies for predicting, and managing of algal blooms: Bridging gaps and unlocking potential.

Recent advancements in data analytics, predictive modeling, and optimization have highlighted the potential of integrating algal blooms (ABs) with Industry 4.0 technologies. Among these innovations, digital twins (DT) have gained prominence, driven by the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies, particularly those associated with the Internet of Things (IoT).