Longitudinal impact of preregistration interprofessional education on the attitudes and skills of health professionals during their early careers: a non-randomised trial with 4-year outcomes.

Objective: To assess whether a preregistration interprofessional education (IPE) programme changed attitudes towards teamwork and team skills during health professionals' final year of training and first 3 years of professional practice.

Design: Prospective, longitudinal, non-randomised trial.

Setting: Final year health professional training at three academic institutions in New Zealand.

Cell Populations Expressing Stemness-Associated Markers in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

The stemness-associated markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC are expressed in numerous cancer types suggesting the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining performed on 12 lung adenocarcinoma (LA) tissue samples showed protein expression of OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, and the CSC marker CD44. In situ hybridization (ISH) performed on six of the LA tissue samples showed mRNA expression of OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC.

Descriptive analysis of group A in skin swabs and acute rheumatic fever, Auckland, New Zealand, 2010-2016.

Background: Group A (GAS) can trigger an immune-mediated response resulting in acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Historically, ARF has been considered a consequence of preceding GAS pharyngitis, but increasing evidence suggests that GAS skin infections may be a driver. Data on the primary care burden of GAS skin infection are limited.

Cancer Stem Cells in Metastatic Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Express Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System.

We investigated the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations in metastatic head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (mHNcSCC). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of prorenin receptor (PRR), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II receptor 2 (ATR) in all cases and angiotensinogen in 14 cases; however, renin and ACE2 were not detected in any of the 20 mHNcSCC tissue samples. Western blotting showed protein expression of angiotensinogen in all six mHNcSCC tissue samples, but in none of the four mHNcSCC-derived primary cell lines, while PRR was detected in the four cell lines only.

Does a comprehensive service user-led education programme effect more positive attitudes towards recovery and less stigmatising attitudes towards people with lived experience of mental distress in medical students? A comparative cohort study.

Objective: This study sought to investigate the impact of a service user-led anti-stigma and discrimination education programme, encompassing numerous interventions focused on facilitating multiple forms of social contact, the promotion of recovery, and respect for human rights, on medical student attitudes.

Method: A comparison cohort study was used to compare the attitudes of two cohorts of medical students who received this programme as part of their fifth (the fifth-year cohort) or sixth (the sixth-year cohort) year psychological medical education attachment (programme cohorts) with two cohorts of equivalent students who received a standard psychological medical attachment (control cohorts). Attitudes to recovery (using the Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire) and stigma (using the Opening Minds Scale for Healthcare Providers) were measured at the beginning and end of the attachments for each year and compared both within and between the cohorts using Wilcoxon signed-rank or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.

A comparative analysis of two alternative programmes to counter stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness delivered to medical students.

Objective: To assess and compare attitudes of medical students in response to two service-user-led anti-stigma and discrimination education programmes.

Method: Two programmes, consistent with the key elements of effective contact-based anti-stigma and discrimination education programmes for healthcare providers, were delivered to medical students in their penultimate and final year: a more intensive version of the programme in 2015/2016 and a briefer programme in 2016/2017. Attitudes were assessed using the Recovery Attitudes Questionnaire (RAQ) and the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC-20) at the beginning and end of their final year.

Defining and tracking medical student self-monitoring using multiple-choice question item certainty.

Background: Self-monitoring is an important component of clinical practice. It is underpinned by the framework of self-efficacy which is concerned with judgments of how well one believes one can achieve or perform a task. This research aimed to develop criteria for adequate self-monitoring, then to measure patterns of self-monitoring, and to explore how these patterns relate to a student's year in a medical course and to patterns of knowledge.

A survey of neurosurgical management and prognostication of traumatic brain injury following the RESCUEicp trial.

Purpose: Decompressive craniectomy remains controversial because of uncertainty regarding its benefit to patients; this study aimed to explore current practice following the RESCUEicp Trial, an important study in the evolving literature on decompressive craniectomies.

Materials And Methods: Neurosurgeons in New Zealand, Australia, USA and Nepal were sent a survey consisting of two case scenarios and several multi-choice questions exploring their utilisation of decompressive craniectomy following the RESCUEicp Trial.

Results: One in ten neurosurgeons (n=6, 10.

Cranberry capsules are not superior to placebo capsules in managing acute non-haemorrhagic radiation cystitis in prostate cancer patients: A phase III double blinded randomised placebo controlled clinical trial.

Purpose: Acute radiation cystitis affects the quality of life of many prostate cancer patients. A previous pilot study suggested that cranberry capsules may decrease some of the symptoms of acute radiation cystitis. Here we further test their effectiveness in a multicentre double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Dissonance in naming adiposity: a quantitative survey of naming preferences from a convenience sample of health professional and lay population in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Background: Communication has an essential role in the therapeutic relationship between a patient and healthcare professionals (HCPs) with terminology playing an important role. The terminology used by HCPs can significantly impact on an individual's perceptions of weight and experience of stigma. This is the first quantitative research study in Aotearoa New Zealand to explore weight-related terminology.

Considering evidence for ethnicity bias using assessment case scenarios and medical student correctness and certainty.

Aims: There is inequitable distribution of health risks, exposures, resources and outcomes by ethnicity. This may be contributed to by health professional bias. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ethnicity of patients, within written assessment case scenarios, and medical students' response correctness and certainty.

Eczema-protective probiotic alters infant gut microbiome functional capacity but not composition: sub-sample analysis from a RCT.

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 given in early life has been shown to reduce infant eczema risk, but its effect on gut microbiota development has not been quantitatively and functionally examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of early life probiotic exposure on the composition and functional capacity of infant gut microbiota from birth to 2 years considering the effects of age, delivery mode, antibiotics, pets and eczema. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis of 650 infant faecal samples, collected at birth, 3, 12, and 24 months, as part of a randomised, controlled, 3-arm trial assessing the effect of L.

Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in early life on the cumulative prevalence of allergic disease to 11 years.

Background: In a two-centre randomized placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) (6 × 10 colony-forming units [cfu]) or Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 (HN019) (9 × 10 cfu) taken daily from 35-week gestation to 6 months' post-partum in mothers while breastfeeding and from birth to age 2 years in infants, we showed that HN001 significantly protected against eczema development at 2, 4 and 6 years and atopic sensitization at 6 years. There was no effect of HN019. We report here the findings for 11 year outcomes.

Effect of early probiotic supplementation on childhood cognition, behaviour and mood a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Aim: To determine whether probiotic supplementation in early life improves neurocognitive outcomes assessed at 11 years of age.

Methods: A total of 474 children who were born March 2004-Aug 2005 participated in a two-centre randomised placebo-controlled trial of infants at risk of developing allergic disease. Pregnant women were randomised to take Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.

Maternal supplementation alone with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 during pregnancy and breastfeeding does not reduce infant eczema.

Background: In a randomized placebo-controlled trial, we previously found that the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) taken by mothers from 35 weeks of gestation until 6 months post-partum if breastfeeding and their child from birth to age 2 years halved the risk of eczema during the first 2 years of life. We aimed to test whether maternal supplementation alone is sufficient to reduce eczema and compare this to our previous study when both the mother and their child were supplemented.

Methods: In this 2-centre, parallel double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial, the same probiotic as in our previous study (HN001, 6 × 10 colony-forming units) was taken daily by mothers from 14-16 weeks of gestation till 6 months post-partum if breastfeeding, but was not given directly to the child.

Longitudinal impact of interprofessional education on attitudes, skills and career trajectories: a protocol for a quasi-experimental study in New Zealand.

Introduction: Interprofessional practice is recognised as an important element of safe and effective healthcare. However, few studies exist that evaluate how preregistration education contributes to interprofessional competencies, and how these competencies develop throughout the early years of a health professional's career. This quasiexperimental study will gather longitudinal data during students' last year of preregistration training and their first 3 years of professional practice to evaluate the ongoing development of interprofessional competencies and the influence that preregistration education including an explicit interprofessional education (IPE) programme may have on these.

Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in Pregnancy on Postpartum Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Randomised Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial.

Background: Probiotics may help to prevent symptoms of anxiety and depression through several putative mechanisms.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) given in pregnancy and postpartum on symptoms of maternal depression and anxiety in the postpartum period. This was a secondary outcome, the primary outcome being eczema in the offspring at 12months of age.

Community-based screening to detect school readiness problems in very preterm children.

Aim: Very preterm (VPT) children (≤32 weeks) have school readiness difficulties across multiple domains, but routine follow-up is often limited. We assessed the performance of VPT children on the Before School Check (B4SC), a community-based screening programme of school readiness at 4 years of age.

Methods: VPT children discharged from Wellington and Auckland Neonatal Intensive Care Units (2005-2009) were compared to a national control cohort born during the same period.

Certainty and safe consequence responses provide additional information from multiple choice question assessments.

Background: Clinicians making decisions require the ability to self-monitor and evaluate their certainty of being correct while being mindful of the potential consequences of alternative actions. For clinical students, this ability could be inferred from their responses to multiple-choice questions (MCQ) by recording their certainty in correctness and avoidance of options that are potentially unsafe.

Methods: Response certainty was assessed for fifth year medical students (n = 330) during a summative MCQ examination by having students indicate their certainty in each response they gave on the exam.

Early pregnancy probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 may reduce the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial.

The study aims to assess whether supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) can reduce the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled parallel trial was conducted in New Zealand (NZ) (Wellington and Auckland). Pregnant women with a personal or partner history of atopic disease were randomised at 14-16 weeks' gestation to receive HN001 (6×109 colony-forming units) (n 212) or placebo (n 211) daily.

Low performing students have insightfulness when they reflect-in-action.

Context: Measuring appropriateness of certainty of responses in a progress test using descriptors authentic to practice as reflection-in-action builds on existing theories of self-monitoring. Clinicians making decisions require the ability to accurately self-monitor, including certainty of being correct. Inappropriate certainty could lead to medical error.

The Probiotics in Pregnancy Study (PiP Study): rationale and design of a double-blind randomised controlled trial to improve maternal health during pregnancy and prevent infant eczema and allergy.

Background: Worldwide there is increasing interest in the manipulation of human gut microbiota by the use of probiotic supplements to modify or prevent a range of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Probiotic interventions administered during pregnancy and breastfeeding offer a unique opportunity to influence a range of important maternal and infant outcomes. The aim of the Probiotics in Pregnancy Study (PiP Study) is to assess if supplementation by the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 administered to women from early pregnancy and while breastfeeding can reduce the rates of infant eczema and atopic sensitisation at 1 year, and maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, bacterial vaginosis and Group B Streptococcal vaginal colonisation before birth, and depression and anxiety postpartum.

Is the statement that if a person is off work for 70 days the chance of ever getting back to work is 35% justified?

The Australasian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine released a position statement which included statements about the chance of ever getting back to work if a person is off work for 20, 45 and 70 days. These statements are being repeated by government and non-government agencies in New Zealand and Australia. They have been presented with the intent to influence public policy.