Pattern of medication use in geriatric patients at primary health care facilities in Karawang, Indonesia.

Background: Rational drug use is a critical component in patient care, particularly among the elderly who often have multiple medical problems. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of medication use among the elderly visiting primary health care facilities.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at 25 primary health care facilities in Karawang District, Indonesia, and patients aged ≥60 years visiting the facilities from January to December 2014 were included.

Explicit Versus Implicit "Halal" Information: Influence of the Halal Label and the Country-of-Origin Information on Product Perceptions in Indonesia.

Halal refers to what is permissible in traditional Islamic law. Food that meets halal requirements is marked by a halal label on the packaging and should be especially attractive to those Muslims who follow the set of dietary laws outlined in the Quran. This research examines the role of the halal label (explicit cue) and the country-of-origin (COO) (implicit cue) in predicting positive product perceptions among Muslim consumers.

In vivo and in vitro efficacy of amodiaquine monotherapy for treatment of infection by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax.

Amodiaquine retains efficacy against infection by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum; however, little information is available on its efficacy against infection by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax. Patients presenting to a rural clinic with a pure P. vivax infection that recurred after recent antimalarial treatment were retreated, this time with amodiaquine monotherapy, and the risk of further recurrence within 4 weeks was assessed.

Clinical and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for drug-resistant malaria.

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) is an important new treatment for drug-resistant malaria, although pharmacokinetic studies on the combination are limited. In Papua, Indonesia, we assessed determinants of the therapeutic efficacy of DHP for uncomplicated malaria. Plasma piperaquine concentrations were measured on day 7 and day 28, and the cumulative risk of parasitological failure at day 42 was calculated using survival analysis.

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus artesunate-amodiaquine: superior efficacy and posttreatment prophylaxis against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria.

Background: Antimalarial drug resistance is now well established in both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. In southern Papua, Indonesia, where both strains of plasmodia coexist, we have been conducting a series of studies to optimize treatment strategies.

Methods: We conducted a randomized trial that compared the efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) with artesunate-amodiaquine (AAQ).

Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and valspodar, a P-glycoprotein (mdr1) modulator: implications for coadministration.

Study Objective: To assess the potential for a drug-drug interaction between valspodar, a P-glycoprotein (mdrl) modulator used as a chemotherapy adjunct, and dexamethasone, widely included in oncology antiemetic regimens.

Design: Randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study.

Setting: Clinical pharmacology research center.

Effect of aromatase inhibitors on estrogen 2-hydroxylase in rat liver.

The effect of aromatase inhibitors, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, CGS 16949A and aminoglutethimide on the inhibition of estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity in rat liver microsomes in vitro and on its induction in vivo has been examined. Estrogen 2-hydroxylase was found to have over twice the affinity for estradiol compared to estrone. Using high pressure liquid chromatography and employing estradiol as a substrate, the IC50 values were 2.

A comparison of methods measuring aromatase activity in human placenta and rat ovary.

The single step chromatographic product isolation method using [4-14C]-androstenedione and the tritiated water method using either [1 beta, 2 beta-3H]- or [1 beta-3H]-androstenedione have been used to determine a suitable method to measure the aromatase activity in rat ovarian 1000 g supernatant and human placental microsomes. The single step product isolation method using [4-14C]A4 reveals the presence of four distinct [4-14C]-labelled products in the rat ovary of which only the synthesis of estradiol is markedly inhibited by CGS 16949A, a well established aromatase inhibitor. In the human placenta, the formation of both [4-14C]-estrone and [4-14C]-estradiol is strongly inhibited by CGS 6949A.

Tolbutamide 4-hydroxylase activity of human liver microsomes: effect of inhibitors.

Eight samples of human liver have been characterised for microsomal protein content, cytochrome P-450 content, tolbutamide 4-hydroxylase and ethinyloestradiol 2-hydroxylase activities. Cytochrome P-450 content correlated significantly with ethinyloestradiol 2-hydroxylase activity but not with tolbutamide 4-hydroxylase activity. There was no significant correlation between ethinyloestradiol 2-hydroxylase and tolbutamide 4-hydroxylase activities.

The metabolism of 17 alpha-ethinyloestradiol by human liver microsomes: formation of catechol and chemically reactive metabolites.

The metabolism of 17 alpha-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) to catechol and reactive metabolites by human liver microsomes was investigated. 2-Hydroxyethinyloestradiol (2-OHEE2) was either the sole or principal metabolite. Small amounts of 6-hydroxyethinyloestradiol and 16-hydroxyethinyloestradiol were produced by some of the livers.

Inhibition of estrogen 2-hydroxylase.

The effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES), oestradiol (E2), primaquine (PQ), chloroquine (CQ), 1-methylimidazole (1-MeI), metronidazole (MET) and antipyrine (AP) has been studied on rat liver microsomal metabolism of ethinyloestradiol (EE2) by measuring the formation of 2-hydroxyethinyl-oestradiol (2-OHEE2) using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Using a substrate concentration of 25 microM, PQ, DES and E2 produced the most marked effect with IC50 values of 75, 100 and 100 microM respectively whereas CQ, MET and 1-MeI were less potent with IC50 values of 335, 448 and 448 microM. AP inhibited EE2 metabolism to only a small extent and an IC50 value was not calculated.

2-Hydroxylation of ethinyloestradiol in relation to the oxidation of sparteine and antipyrine.

The metabolism of [3H]ethinyloestradiol (EE2) was investigated in six male subjects who had been phenotyped with respect to sparteine metabolism (three metabolizers and three non-metabolizers). Urinary metabolite profiles of EE2 were virtually identical. Following enzyme hydrolysis of sulphate and glucuronide conjugates the major urinary metabolite was 2-methoxyEE2.

Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive steroids following the administration of the antimalarial drugs primaquine and chloroquine.

The effects of a single dose of two antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) on the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive (O.C.) have been studied in volunteers.

Effect of chloroquine and primaquine on antipyrine metabolism.

The effects of two antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and primaquine on antipyrine kinetics and metabolism have been studied in volunteers. Chloroquine (250 mg) given 2 h before antipyrine (600 mg orally) had no effect on salivary kinetics of antipyrine or on the urinary recovery of metabolites. Primaquine (45 mg) given 2 h before antipyrine (300 mg orally), increased antipyrine half-life (calculated from 0-24 h) from 12.

The gut wall metabolism of ethinyloestradiol and its contribution to the pre-systemic metabolism of ethinyloestradiol in humans.

1 Five patients have been studied to determine the contribution of the gut wall to the pre-systemic metabolism of ethinyloestradiol. All patients had a catheter inserted into their hepatic portal vein as part of their surgical management. 2 After an oral dose of 50 micrograms (65 microCi) ethinyloestradiol, blood samples were taken from the hepatic portal vein and from a peripheral vein at intervals for 1 h.