Effect of monensin and essential oil blend supplementation on lactation performance and feeding behavior by dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing an essential oil blend (0.16 g/kg DM of carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, and capsaicin) and monensin (17.6 mg/kg DM TMR) on lactation performance, feeding behavior, and rumen fermentation of high-producing dairy cows.

Dietary fiber source and direct-fed microbial supplementation effects on lactation performance and feeding behavior of high-producing dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber source and direct-fed microbial supplementation on lactation performance and feeding behavior of high-producing dairy cows. Sixty-four multiparous Holstein cows (3.5 ± 1.

Unusual Sesquiterpenes from DAUFPE 5622.

In nature, the vast majority of sesquiterpenes are produced by type I mechanisms, and glycosylated sesquiterpenes are rare in actinobacteria. DAUFPE 5622 produces the sesquiterpenes olindenones A-G, a new class of rearranged drimane sesquiterpenes. Olindenones B-D are oxygenated derivatives of olindenone A, while olindenones E-G are analogs glycosylated with dideoxysugars.

The insect microbiome is a vast source of bioactive small molecules.

Covering: September 1964 to June 2023Bacteria and fungi living in symbiosis with insects have been studied over the last sixty years and found to be important sources of bioactive natural products. Not only classic producers of secondary metabolites such as and other members of the phylum Actinobacteria but also numerous bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and an impressive array of fungi (usually pathogenic) serve as the source of a structurally diverse number of small molecules with important biological activities including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiparasitic and specific enzyme inhibitors. The insect niche is often the exclusive provider of microbes producing unique types of biologically active compounds such as gerumycins, pederin, dinactin, and formicamycins.

Effect of monensin and live-cell yeast supplementation on lactation performance, feeding behavior, and total-tract nutrient digestibility in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing monensin (19.8 g/Mg DM TMR; MON) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 live-cell yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077; 1 × 10 cfu/head per day; LCY) on lactation performance, feeding behavior, and total-tract nutrient digestibility of high-producing dairy cows. Sixty-four multiparous Holstein cows (3.

Effects of a genetically modified corn hybrid with α-amylase and storage length on fermentation profile and starch disappearance of whole-plant corn silage and earlage.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a genetically modified corn hybrid with α-amylase expressed in the kernel (AMY) on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, nutrient composition, and starch disappearance of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and earlage. Both hybrids, AMY and an isogenic corn hybrid (ISO), were grown in 10 replicated plots (5 for WPCS and 5 for earlage). Samples of each plot were collected at harvest, homogenized, and divided into 5 subsamples which were randomly assigned to 5 storage lengths (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 d).

Aspergillus fumigatus mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkA is involved in gliotoxin production and self-protection.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic fungus that can cause a variety of human diseases known as aspergillosis. Mycotoxin gliotoxin (GT) production is important for its virulence and must be tightly regulated to avoid excess production and toxicity to the fungus. GT self-protection by GliT oxidoreductase and GtmA methyltransferase activities is related to the subcellular localization of these enzymes and how GT can be sequestered from the cytoplasm to avoid increased cell damage.

Host macrocyclic acylcarnitines mediate symbiotic interactions between frogs and their skin microbiome.

The host-microbiome associations occurring on the skin of vertebrates significantly influence hosts' health. However, the factors mediating their interactions remain largely unknown. Herein, we used integrated technical and ecological frameworks to investigate the skin metabolites sustaining a beneficial symbiosis between tree frogs and bacteria.

Further evidences of an emerging stingless bee-yeast symbiosis.

Symbiotic interactions between microorganisms and social insects have been described as crucial for the maintenance of these multitrophic systems, as observed for the stingless bee and the yeast sp. SDBC30G1. The larvae of ingest fungal filaments of sp.

Ravidomycin Analogs from sp. Exhibit Altered Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Selectivity.

Six new ravidomycin analogs (-, , and ) were isolated from sp. Am59 using UV- and LCMS-guided separation based on Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking analysis. Furthermore, we isolated fucomycin V (), which possesses the same chromophore as ravidomycin but features a d-fucopyranose instead of d-ravidosamine.

Effects of chemical additive and packing density on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of ensiled cocktail forage mix.

Recently, the use of cocktail forage mixes in dairy cattle rations has become more common because the mixtures are low-cost, fit well in rotation after a cereal grain forage, and can have similar yield and energy value compared with alfalfa silage. This experiment evaluated the effects of a chemical additive and packing density on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of cocktail mix silage. The cocktail forage mix (brown-midrib sorghum-sudangrass, Italian ryegrass, red clover, berseem clover, and hairy vetch) was harvested, ensiled in laboratory silos (3.

A Quantitative Analysis of Electrochemical CO Reduction on Copper in Organic Amide and Nitrile-Based Electrolytes.

Aqueous electrolytes used in CO electroreduction typically have a CO solubility of around 34 mM under ambient conditions, contributing to mass transfer limitations in the system. Non-aqueous electrolytes exhibit higher CO solubility (by 5-8-fold) and also provide possibilities to suppress the undesired hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). On the other hand, a proton donor is needed to produce many of the products commonly obtained with aqueous electrolytes.

Vacuoles and peroxisomes are involved in gliotoxin production and self-protection.

is a saprophytic fungus that can cause a variety of human diseases known as aspergillosis. Mycotoxin gliotoxin (GT) production is important for its virulence and must be tightly regulated to avoid excess production and toxicity to the fungus. GT self-protection by GliT oxidoreductase and GtmA methyltransferase activities is related to the subcellular localization of these enzymes and how GT can be sequestered from the cytoplasm to avoid increased cell damage.

The Effects of Incremental Doses of Aflatoxin B on In Vitro Ruminal Nutrient Digestibility and Fermentation Profile of a Lactating Dairy Cow Diet in a Dual-Flow Continuous Culture System.

Aflatoxin B (AFB) is a mycotoxin known to impair human and animal health. It is also believed to have a deleterious effect on ruminal nutrient digestibility under in vitro batch culture systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dose of AFB on ruminal dry matter and nutrient digestibility, fermentation profile, and N flows using a dual-flow continuous culture system fed a diet formulated for lactating dairy cows.

Genomic diversification of the specialized parasite of the fungus-growing ant symbiosis.

Fungi shape the diversity of life. Characterizing the evolution of fungi is critical to understanding symbiotic associations across kingdoms. In this study, we investigate the genomic and metabolomic diversity of the genus , a specialized parasite of fungus-growing ant gardens.

Data Fusion-based Discovery (DAFdiscovery) pipeline to aid compound annotation and bioactive compound discovery across diverse spectral data.

Introduction: Data Fusion-based Discovery (DAFdiscovery) is a pipeline designed to help users combine mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and bioactivity data in a notebook-based application to accelerate annotation and discovery of bioactive compounds. It applies Statistical Total Correlation Spectroscopy (STOCSY) and Statistical HeteroSpectroscopy (SHY) calculation in their data using an easy-to-follow Jupyter Notebook.

Method: Different case studies are presented for benchmarking, and the resultant outputs are shown to aid natural products identification and discovery.

NMR as powerful technology for noninvasively monitoring cell health and expansion during bioprocessing.

Over the last decades, the success of advanced cell therapies and the increasing production volumes of vaccines, proteins, or viral vectors have raised the need of robust cell-based manufacturing processes for ensuring product quality and satisfying good manufacturing practice requirements. The cultivation process of cells needs to be highly controlled for improved productivity, reduced variability, and optimized bioprocesses. Cell cultures can be easily monitored using different technologies, which could deliver direct or indirect assessment of the cells' viability.

Effects of season, variety type, and trait on dry matter yield, nutrient composition, and predicted intake and milk yield of whole-plant sorghum forage.

Sorghum forage is an important alternative to high-quality forage in regions where climatic and soil conditions are less desirable for corn production for silage and producing comparable nutritive value is challenging. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of season (spring vs. summer), sorghum variety type (forage sorghum vs.

Effects of lignocellulolytic enzymes on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ ruminal disappearance of whole-plant corn silage.

The objective of this study was to examine the enzyme activities of an enzymatic complex produced by Pleurotus ostreatus in different pH and the effects of adding increased application rates of this enzymatic complex on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ ruminal disappearance of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) at the onset of fermentation and 30 d after ensiling. The lignocellulolytic enzymatic complex was obtained through in vitro cultivation of P. ostreatus.

Co-Occurrence of Viruses, Plant Pathogens, and Symbionts in an Underexplored Hemipteran Clade.

Interactions between insect symbionts and plant pathogens are dynamic and complex, sometimes involving direct antagonism or synergy and sometimes involving ecological and evolutionary leaps, as insect symbionts transmit through plant tissues or plant pathogens transition to become insect symbionts. Hemipterans such as aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, leafhoppers, and planthoppers are well-studied plant pests that host diverse symbionts and vector plant pathogens. The related hemipteran treehoppers (family Membracidae) are less well-studied but offer a potentially new and diverse array of symbionts and plant pathogenic interactions through their distinct woody plant hosts and ecological interactions with diverse tending hymenopteran taxa.

from Fungus Gardens of Fungus-Growing Ants Produces Antifungals That Inhibit the Specialized Parasite .

Within animal-associated microbiomes, the functional roles of specific microbial taxa are often uncharacterized. Here, we use the fungus-growing ant system, a model for microbial symbiosis, to determine the potential defensive roles of key bacterial taxa present in the ants' fungus gardens. Fungus gardens serve as an external digestive system for the ants, with mutualistic fungi in the genus converting the plant substrate into energy for the ants.

Effects of Microbial Inoculation and Storage Length on Fermentation Profile and Nutrient Composition of Whole-Plant Sorghum Silage of Different Varieties.

This study aimed to assess the effects of a heterofermentative microbial inoculant and storage length on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and nutrient composition in whole-plant sorghum silage (WPSS) from different varieties. Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement, evaluated microbial inoculation [CON (50 mL distilled water) or LBLD ( DSM 21762, DSM 12856, and DSM 32074; 300,000 CFU/g of fresh forage)] and storage length (14, 28, or 56 d) in forage WPSS. The LBLD silage had lower pH compared to CON, and greater concentrations of succinic acid, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), 1-propanol, 2,3-butanediol and total acids.

Specialized Metabolites Reveal Evolutionary History and Geographic Dispersion of a Multilateral Symbiosis.

Fungus-growing ants engage in a multilateral symbiosis: they cultivate a fungal garden as their primary food source and host symbiotic actinobacteria ( spp.) that provide chemical defenses. The bacterial symbionts produce small specialized metabolites that protect the fungal garden from specific fungal pathogens ( spp.

Insights Into the Ecological Role of spp. in an Ant-plant Symbiosis.

In the myrmecophytic mutualistic relationship between a ants and plants both species receive protection and exchange nutrients. The presence of microorganisms in this symbiotic system has been reported, and the symbiotic role of some fungi involved in the myrmecophytic interactions has been described. In this work we focus on bacteria within this mutualism, conducting isolations and screening for antimicrobial activities, genome sequencing, and biochemical characterization.

Chemical Exchanges between Multilateral Symbionts.

Herein is a report on the molecular exchange occurring between multilateral symbiosis partners-a tit-for-tat exchange that led to the characterization of two new metabolites, conocandin B (fungal-derived) and dentigerumycin F (bacterial-derived). The structures were determined by NMR, mass spectrometry, genomic analysis, and chemical derivatizations. Conocandin B exhibits antimicrobial activity against both the bacterial symbionts of fungus-growing ant and human pathogenic strains by selectively inhibiting FabH, thus disrupting fatty acid biosynthesis.