Vulnerability of gastric and small intestinal mucosa to ulcerogenic action of indomethacin in C57/BL6/J mice and transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1 knockout mice.

Capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves are densely distributed in the gastrointestinal system and involved in maintenance of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. capsaicin selectively stimulates nociceptive neurons and its action is mediated through the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor. Activation TRPV1 receptors that play a fundamental role in pain signaling, may also exert protective effects against gastrointestinal injury.

Growth actuated bending and twisting of single crystals.

Crystals of a variety of substances including elements, minerals, simple salts, organic molecular crystals, and high polymers forgo long-range translational order by twisting and bending as they grow. These deviations have been observed in crystals ranging in size from nanometers to centimeters. How and why so many materials choose dramatic non-crystallographic distortions is analyzed, with an emphasis on crystal chemistries that give rise to stresses operating either on surfaces of crystallites or within the bulk.