Improving load frequency controller tuning with rat swarm optimization and porpoising feature detection for enhanced power system stability.

Load frequency control (LFC) plays a critical role in ensuring the reliable and stable operation of power plants and maintaining a quality power supply to consumers. In control engineering, an oscillatory behavior exhibited by a system in response to control actions is referred to as "Porpoising". This article focused on investigating the causes of the porpoising phenomenon in the context of LFC.