Cyclophilins and Their Functions in Abiotic Stress and Plant-Microbe Interactions.

Plants have developed a variety of mechanisms and regulatory pathways to change their gene expression profiles in response to abiotic stress conditions and plant-microbe interactions. The plant-microbe interaction can be pathogenic or beneficial. Stress conditions, both abiotic and pathogenic, negatively affect the growth, development, yield and quality of plants, which is very important for crops.

Effect of Zearalenone and Hormone Regulators on Microspore Embryogenesis in Anther Culture of Wheat.

The purpose of this work was to assess the impact of zearalenone (ZEN) and selected hormone regulators on the effectiveness of microspore embryogenesis in anther culture of wheat. The plant material comprised F hybrids of winter and spring wheat. Six combinations of media inducing microspore proliferation and formation of embryogenic structures were investigated: two combinations of growth regulators (D - 2,4-D + dicamba, K - 2,4-D + kinetin), each with three ZEN concentrations (0 mL/L, 0.

Environmental and cellular factors affecting the localization of T6SS proteins in Burkholderia thailandensis.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) injects effector proteins into neighboring bacteria and host cells. Effector translocation is driven by contraction of a tubular sheath in the cytoplasm that expels an inner needle across the cell envelope. The AAA + ATPase ClpV disassembles and recycles the contracted sheath.

[Cyclophilins – proteins with many functions].

Cyclophilins together with FK-506-binding proteins and parvulins, belong to a group of proteins that have peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. They also belong to proteins that are collectively known as immunophilins. Cyclophilins are found in all cells of all organisms studied, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.