Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of the layered hybrid metal halide poly[bis-(2-iodoethyl-ammonium) [di-μ-iodido-di-iodido-germanate(II)]].

The title compound is a germanium-based hybrid metal halide that represents a less-toxic alternative to more popular lead-based analogues in optoelectronic applications. {(2-ICHNH)[GeI]} is composed of infinite inorganic layers that are formed by [GeI] octa-hedra connected in a corner-sharing manner with four equatorial I atoms. The organic (2-ICHNH) cations inter-leave the inorganic layers.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of bis-(3-aminopyrazole-κ)bis-(3-aminopyrazole-κ)bis-(nitrato-κ)copper(II).

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu(NO)(CHN)], the Cu atom is situated on an inversion center (Wyckoff position 2 of space group 2/) and shows an octa-hedral [NO] coordination environment. The axial positions are occupied by O atoms of nitrate anions, while the equatorial positions are taken up by the N atoms of four 3-amino-pyrazole ligands. As a result of the tautomerism of the latter, two coordinate with the N-atom of 3-amino-pyrazole while the other two with the N-atom.

[The inhibition of oxidative and nitrosative stresses by ecdysterone as the mechanisms of its cardio- and vasoprotective action in experimental diabetes type I].

Streptozotocine (STZ) administration (5 mg/100 g) up regulates oxidative (lipid peroxidation as a marker) and nitrosative (protein nitrosilation as a marker) stresses as well as ROS (O(2-), H2O2, OH) generation in heart and aorta in rats after 60 days of STZ action. The level of oxydative stress was higher in aorta. Xanthine oxidase (XO) activation (uric acid as marker), but not lipoxygenase (LTC4 as marker) or cyclooxygenase (TxB2 as marker) are the main oxydases that generate O(2-) as calculated by correlation analysis.

[Role of non-haem iron in protecting effect of ecdysterone on development of streptozocin-induced hyperglycaemia in rats].

Chronic hyperglycaemia (60 days) which developed after streptozotocine (STZ) administration (5 mg/100 g) in rats was accompanied with development of severe endothelial dysfunction as well as with disturbed non-haem iron metabolism. It was established by EPR spectroscopy method that STZ administration reduced transferrin levels in the blood as well as pools of iron associated with blood transferrin and with ferritin in the heart and aorta of rats with hyperglycaemia. Chronic ecdysterone administration (100 ng/100 g, 60 days) protects hyperglycaemia development by preventing of non-haem iron metabolism disturbance.

[The role of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in the development of changes of endothelium-dependent reactions of the heart and vessels in experimental diabetes mellitus].

The influence of mitochondrial uncoupling protein genipin on endothelium-dependent reaction of vessels, heart contractility and myocardial oxygen consumption was studied at streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes mellitus. The partial restoration of damaged at diabetes mellitus vascular reactions as well as decrease ofmyocardial oxygen consumption has been shown after intraperitoneal injection of genipin. For example, after the introduction of 10 mg/kg genipin were shown a partial restoration of endothelium-dependent dilatation of aorta and coronary vessels, increase of contractive strength-dependent responses of vascular smooth muscle, decrease of portal vein isolated strips stiffness, the improvement of contractive properties and decrease of myocardial stiffness.

[The role of nitric oxide and superoxide synthesis in protective mechanism of ecdysterone in the heart mitochondria of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes].

This study evaluated generation of O2*- and NO in heart mitochondria isolated from 9-week old streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the effect of ecdysterone treatment on these parameters. Mitochondria isolated from 9-week old placebo-treated rats were used as control. Several parameters were evaluated: O2*- production, the levels of stable NO metabolites nitrate, nitrite and total nitrosothiols, the level of bilirubine (as marker of CO generation), inducible (iNOS) and constitutive (nNOS) mtNOS, NADH- dependent nitrate reductase (NR) and inducible arginase II (AII) activity.

[NO-dependent mechanisms of ecdysterone protective action on the heart and vessels in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats].

Ecdysterone (100 ng/100 g) chronic oral administration (2 months after STZ (5 mg/100 g) administration) normalized plasma glucose levels in rats. This potent hypoglycemic effect of ecdysterone depend on inhibition of non-constitutive NO synthesis by Ca(2+)-independent iNOS and NADP-dependent nitrate reductase as well as inhibition of L-arginine degradation by arginase result in up-regulation of Ca(2+)-dependent constitutive NO synthesis by eNOS or mithochondrial nNOS in heart and aorta of rats.

[Normalizing effect of intermittent hypoxic training on the function of endothelium in experimental diabetes mellitus].

The purpose of the study was to investigate changes of endothelial function at experimental diabetes mellitus under the action of interval hypoxic trainings (IHT). A decrease of hyperglycemia and normalization of endothelium-dependent vascular reactions are shown after IHT. Activity of constitutive NOS in the heart after IHT increases considerably while activity of inducible NOS decreases sharply.

[Effect of enalapril on endotheliun-dependent contractile reactions and oxygen cost of work of the smooth muscles in experimental diabetes mellitus].

The influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme on endotheliun-dependent contractile vascular reactions was investigated on the rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. It is shown, that the long-term administration of enalapril results in partial restoration of disturbed at diabetes mellitus reactions and also to reduction of oxygen cost of smooth muscles and myocardial work. Thus, after 28-day's of oral administration of this drug the restoration of endotheliun-dependent dilatation of aorta and coronary vessels, increase of stretch-induced contractile responses of vascular smooth muscles, reduction of stiffness of isolated portal vein strips are observed.

[Mechanisms of contractile reaction changes and efficiency of oxygen utilization by portal vein smooth muscles in experimental diabetes mellitus].

On the rat portal vein isolated strips the essential reduction of contractive response, increase of stiffness of vascular smooth muscles at their stretching and increase of oxygen value of smooth muscles' work are revealed in conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus. The possible mechanism of such infringements is chronic hyperglycemia, which results in development of oxidative stress and reduction of NO synthesis by constitutive NOS. Indeed, the significant decrease of activity of constitutive NO-synthase and increase of the oxidative stress markers contents are shown at experimental diabetes mellitus.

[Effect of L-arginine on the endothelium functional activity in experimental diabetes mellitus].

The experimental data about the shift of L-arginine metabolism in the direction of activization of non-oxidizing (arginase) way under experimental diabetes mellitus are presented. This shift was proved by an increase of the ratio of arginase and NO-synthase activity and an increase of the ratio of their metabolites. The decrease of the free L-arginin contents in tissues of animals with experimental diabetes mellitus is shown.

[Electrical responses of intact aortic endothelium in rats with experimental diabetes].

The changes in electrical properties of intact aortic endothelial cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated. The mean resting membrane potential of unstimulated endothelium was significantly less negative (-32.7 +/- 0.

[Changes in vasodilator responses of vascular smooth muscles and nitric oxide system in experimental diabetes mellitus].

The experimental data of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent responses of vascular smooth muscles of isolated preparations of the thoracic aorta of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (streptozotocin-induced diabetes) and a control group of animals are presented in the article. It has been shown that at diabetes mellitus endothelium-dependent vasodilation was deteriorated to the most extent. It resulted from dysfunction of the endothelium due to a reduce in the synthesis of NO.