Effect of administration to apoptosis in rat () brain cells exposed to Plumbum.

Background: Lead (Plumbum/Pb) has been identified as a potential cause of Parkinson's disease as well as possibly contributing to disease progression. extract has been widely used to prevent and treat stroke which prevents brain cell apoptosis and neuroinflammation. This has been shown to be beneficial in cognitive recovery in stroke incidents.

Motor improvement in Parkinson's disease patients receiving caffeine adjuvants: A double-blind randomized controlled trial in Indonesia.

Parkinson's disease (PD) manifests as a movement and brain function disorder characterized by symptoms such as resting tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, leading to disability among patients. The use of psychostimulants such as caffeine has been associated with the improvement of motor symptoms in PD patients; however, studies regarding the effect of caffeine adjuvant therapy on motor function among PD patients in the Indonesian population are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate motor improvement as measured by the change in scores of the Movement Disorder Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS-III) among PD patients receiving caffeine adjuvant.

VIM Line Technique for Determining the Ventral Intermediate Location.

Aim: To prove that VIM line technique created by using a mathematical model, can be used to identify the location of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) MATERIAL and METHODS: Eleven patients with Parkinson?s disease (PD) were assessed. To determine the VIM location, 3-T magnetic resonance imaging and stereotactic protocol 128-slice computed tomography were used. The VIM line technique was performed by drawing a line from the end-point of the right external globus pallidus to that of the left external globus pallidus in the intercommissural plane.

Vim line technique thalamotomy for Parkinson tremor: Case series.

Introduction: The ventral intermediate (Vim) nucleus of the thalamus is difficult to identify even with 3 T magnetic resonance imaging. Stereotactic Vim thalamotomy is a usual procedure to control Parkinson tremor. Successful relieving of the tremor depends on the accuracy of defining the Vim location.