Prevalence of intellectual disability in India: A meta-analysis.

Background: Burden due to intellectual disability (ID) is only third to the depressive disorders and anxiety disorders in India. This national burden significantly contributes to the global burden of ID and hence one has to think globally and act locally to reduce this burden. At its best the collective prevalence of ID is in the form of narrative reviews.

Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale: A diagnostic meta-analysis.

Background: Emergence delirium (EmD) is a troublesome motoric, emotional, and cognitive disturbance associated with morbidity. It is often misdiagnosed despite being present in a substantial proportion of children and adolescents during emergence from anesthesia.

Aim: To evaluate the summary diagnostic accuracy of Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale (PAEDS) for EmD among children and adolescents.

Clinical Profile of Adolescent Onset Anorexia Nervosa at a Tertiary Care Center.

Objective: To study the clinical profile and outcome of adolescent onset anorexia nervosa at a tertiary care center in Southern India.

Method: Review of hospital records of adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Outcome was assessed for those with a follow-up of atleast one year, by outpatient visit or by a telephonic interview.

Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of non-English versions of Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale for screening post-natal depression in India: A meta-analysis.

Background: The prevalence of post-natal depression (PND) is high in India, as it is in many other low to middle income countries. There is an urgent need to identify PND and treat the mother as early as possible. Among the many paper and pencil tests available to identify PND, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a widely used and validated measure in India.

The clinical usefulness of three depression screens for adolescents in India: A need in primary-care settings.

Introduction: Adolescent Depression (AD) although is widely prevalent and is a prioritized disorder, it is under-diagnosed and under reported in primary-care. We document the post-test probability of three measures and select the best measure for identifying AD in primary-care settings in India based on the clinical utility.

Materials And Methods: Three measures have been validated in India for AD and thus can be further evaluated for primary-care use; we calculated the positive (+PTP) and negative (-PTP) post-test probability from the prevalence of AD in India for Beck Depression Inventory-21 item version (BDI-21), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item version (PHQ-9), and Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised version (CDRS-R) using the Bayes theorem.

Psychotic Symptoms of Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: A Diagnostic Challenge.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a rare and underdiagnosed neuropsychiatric illness. We present the case of a 17-year-old girl who was admitted to a tertiary-care psychiatric center with acute onset psychosis and fever. Her psychotic symptoms were characterized by persecutory and referential delusions, as well as tactile and visual hallucinations.

Dysfunction among Families of Children with Intellectual Disability in India Using Systems Model: Prevalence, Pattern, and Severity of Impairment.

Objectives: Family dysfunction is observed in families with children with intellectual disability (ID). We study the prevalence, pattern of dysfunction, and severity of impairment in these special families using Systems approach.

Methods: Sixty-two special families (a child with ID) and 62 typical families (all children with typical development) were included in the present study.

The Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Original Brief Intellectual Disability Scale and Alternative Models.

Objective: Brief Intellectual Disability Scale (BIDS) is a measure validated for identification of children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in countries with low disability resources. Following the publication of the exploratory factor analysis of BIDS, the authors have documented the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of BIDS in this study.

Materials And Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted to document the CFA of the BIDS.

Acute HIV Discovered During Routine HIV Screening With HIV Antigen-Antibody Combination Tests in 9 US Emergency Departments.

Study Objective: Newer combination HIV antigen-antibody tests allow detection of HIV sooner after infection than previous antibody-only immunoassays because, in addition to HIV-1 and -2 antibodies, they detect the HIV-1 p24 antigen, which appears before antibodies develop. We determine the yield of screening with HIV antigen-antibody tests and clinical presentations for new diagnoses of acute and established HIV infection across US emergency departments (EDs).

Methods: This was a retrospective study of 9 EDs in 6 cities with HIV screening programs that integrated laboratory-based antigen-antibody tests between November 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015.

A meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Module-1 for autism spectrum disorders.

Objective: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is considered gold standard for the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The authors evaluated the cumulative diagnostic accuracy of ADOS-Module 1 (ADOS(M1)) using the original diagnostic algorithm with meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Methods: The authors, electronically and manually searched for studies from 1999 to 2013 that evaluated the accuracy of ADOS(M1) using the original diagnostic algorithm in detecting ASD.

ADD-H-Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale (ACTeRS): a measure for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children with intellectual disability in India.

Objective: There is no validated measure for assessing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in India, and therefore, the authors validated the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale (ACTeRS).

Methods: Teachers/parents/clinicians of 110 children with ADHD completed the ACTeRS. The diagnosis of ADHD was confirmed by an independent multi-disciplinary team using ICD-10 diagnosis for diagnostic accuracy and criterion validity.

CDC Kerala 9: Effectiveness of low intensity home based early intervention for autism spectrum disorder in India.

Objective: To validate effectiveness of low intensity, home based early intervention (EI) models in autism for countries with low disability resources.

Methods: Fifty-two toddlers and young children were assessed before and after intervention with Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale. Developmental and speech therapists helped mothers assemble low-cost training kits based on the developmental age of the child, gave initial training in the basic behavioral technique to address the three autism symptom clusters at home.

ADad 5: the co-morbidity in Anxiety Disorders among adolescents in a rural community population in India.

Objective: Anxiety Disorders (AD) have been known to have high prevalence of intra-AD and extra-AD co-morbidities. This study documents the prevalence and profile of intra and extra-AD co-morbidities, the effect of the presence and number of co-morbidities on the severity of anxiety symptoms and the influence of age as well as gender on the co-morbidity.

Methods: In a prospective community survey of 500 adolescents, independent raters administered the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children/Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) to collect the required data.

ADad 3: the epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders among adolescents in a rural community population in India.

Objectives: Despite being the most common mental health concern, there is paucity of literature on the epidemiology of anxiety disorders among the adolescent population in India. This study aimed to estimate the period prevalence of Anxiety Disorders (AD) among 11 to 19 y old adolescents in India.

Methods: A representative sample of adolescents (N = 500) from a rural community in Southern India was assessed for the period prevalence of all and specific Anxiety Disorders using Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), and confirmed in a subsequent interview with Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children/Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL).

Development and psychometric validation of the Brief Intellectual Disability Scale for use in low-health resource, high-burden countries.

Objective: To develop and validate a concise, parent-completed Brief Intellectual Disability Scale (BIDS) for children in low-disability resource and high-disability care burden countries.

Study Design And Setting: In this prospective cross-sectional study of 124 children recruited from a facility for intellectual disability (ID), the newly developed BIDS as the measure for validation as well as for the gold standard and convergent and divergent validities was administered by independent raters. Tests for diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, and validity were conducted at the item and scale levels.

Psychometrics and utility of Psycho-Educational Profile-Revised as a developmental quotient measure among children with the dual disability of intellectual disability and autism.

There is no agreement about the measure to quantify the intellectual/developmental level in children with the dual disability of intellectual disability and autism. Therefore, we studied the psychometric properties and utility of Psycho-Educational Profile-Revised (PEP-R) as a developmental test in this population. We identified 116 children with dual disability from the day care and inpatient database of a specialised Autism Clinic.

Eating disorders among adolescents in a tertiary care centre in India.

Objective: To analyse the clinical profile of eating disorders (ED) among adolescent patients living in India.

Methods: This is a descriptive study of a series of seven adolescent patients presenting to a tertiary care centre with characteristic clinical features of eating disorder.

Results: Of the seven adolescents with ED there were 3 boys and 4 girls.

Diagnostic accuracy, reliability and validity of Childhood Autism Rating Scale in India.

Background: Since there is no established measure for autism in India, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy, reliability and validity of Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).

Methods: Children and adolescents suspected of having autism were identified from the unit's database. Scale and item level scores of CARS were collected and analyzed.

Predictive factors for polypharmacy among child and adolescent psychiatry inpatients.

Background: Aim was to determine the predictive factors for polypharmacy among inpatient children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders.

Methods: Blinded, case-note review of children and adolescents with ICD 10 diagnosis of psychiatric disorders on psychotropic medication was conducted. Data on demography, illness, and treatment was analyzed with univariate and multivariate techniques.