Understanding the disparate PTSD prevalence for U.S. and Mexico via social comparison effect types that inform perception of trauma difficulty.

Objective: The United States (U.S.) and Mexico have vastly different lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), despite similarly high rates of trauma exposure.

Measuring Trauma Exposure: Count Versus Variety of Potentially Traumatic Events in a Binational Sample.

Traumatic event checklists typically ask respondents to indicate whether they have experienced particular types of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and then sum these endorsements to gauge cumulative trauma exposure. However, the sum of these endorsements indicates the variety of PTEs respondents have experienced rather than the count of exposure events. The main objective of the present study was to explore the association between PTE count and variety to examine assumptions regarding the use of traumatic event checklists to measure cumulative trauma exposure.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha activates nuclear factor-kappaB but does not regulate progesterone production in cultured human granulosa luteal cells.

Background: The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in granulosa luteal cell function and steroidogenesis is still controversial. Our aim was to examine the steroidogenic response, together with the simultaneous expression and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), in cultured human granulosa luteal cells (GLCs) following administration of TNF-alpha.

Materials And Methods: This prospective controlled study was conducted in the Human Reproduction Division at the Institute of Maternal and Child Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile and the San Borja Arriarán Hospital, National Health Service, Santiago, Chile.

Infection of human fallopian tube epithelial cells with Neisseria gonorrhoeae protects cells from tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis.

Following infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bacteria may ascend into the Fallopian tubes (FT) and induce salpingitis, a major cause of infertility. In the FT, interactions between mucosal epithelial cells and gonococci are pivotal events in the pathogen's infection cycle and the inflammatory response. In the current study, primary FT epithelial cells were infected in vitro with different multiplicities of infection (MOI) of Pil+ Opa+ gonococci.