Lactobacillus gasseri and Gardnerella vaginalis produce extracellular vesicles that contribute to the function of the vaginal microbiome and modulate host-Trichomonas vaginalis interactions.

Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite of the human urogenital tract, responsible for a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. Trichomoniasis is accompanied by a dysbiotic microbiome that is characterised by the depletion of host-protective commensals such as Lactobacillus gasseri, and the flourishing of a bacterial consortium that is comparable to the one seen for bacterial vaginosis, including the founder species Gardnerella vaginalis. These two vaginal bacteria are known to have opposite effects on T.

The complex, bidirectional role of extracellular vesicles in infection.

Cells from all domains of life release extracellular vesicles (EVs), packages that carry a cargo of molecules that participate in communication, co-ordination of population behaviours, virulence and immune response mechanisms. Mammalian EVs play an increasingly recognised role to fight infection, yet may also be commandeered to disseminate pathogens and enhance infection. EVs released by bacterial pathogens may deliver toxins to host cells, signalling molecules and new DNA to other bacteria, and act as decoys, protecting infecting bacteria from immune killing.

Biofilms and Their Response to a Relevant Iron Source.

Biofilm infections can be chronic, life threatening and challenging to eradicate. Understanding stimuli affecting the biofilm cycle is one step toward targeted prevention strategies. Iron restriction by the host is a stimulus for biofilm formation for some isolates; however, in some infection scenarios bacteria are exposed to abundant amounts of hemoglobin (Hb), which is able to use as iron source.

Effect of the Extracellular Vesicle RNA Cargo From Uropathogenic on Bladder Cells.

Iron restriction in mammals, part of innate antimicrobial defense, may be sensed as a signal by an infecting pathogen. Iron-dependent regulators not only activate the pathogen's specific iron acquisition and storage mechanisms needed for survival but also influence a number of other processes. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a conserved communication mechanism, which can have roles in host colonization, transfer of antimicrobial resistance, modulation of the host's immune response, and biofilm formation.

Extracellular vesicles produced by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis contain a preferential cargo of tRNA-derived small RNAs.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Trichomonas vaginalis releases extracellular vesicles that play a role in parasite:parasite and parasite:host interactions. The aim of this study was to characterise the RNA cargo of these vesicles.

Analysis of the extracellular vesicle proteome identifies markers of purity and culture conditions.

Bacteria release nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular milieu. Bacterial EVs contain molecular cargo originating from the parent bacterium and have important roles in bacterial survival and pathogenesis. Using 8-plex iTRAQ approaches, we profiled the EV proteome of two strains, uropathogenic (UPEC) 536 and probiotic Nissle 1917.

The functional RNA cargo of bacterial membrane vesicles.

Bacteria secrete RNAs, some of which have effects on other cells and on other species as signalling RNAs. Prokaryotic membrane vesicles (MVs) contain a range of RNA types. The MV structure offers protection from degradation as well as receptors to facilitate delivery to target cells.

Isolation of membrane vesicles from prokaryotes: a technical and biological comparison reveals heterogeneity.

Prokaryotes release membrane vesicles (MVs) with direct roles in disease pathogenesis. MVs are heterogeneous when isolated from bacterial cultures so Density Gradient Centrifugation (DGC) is valuable for separation of MV subgroups from contaminating material. Here we report the technical variability and natural biological heterogeneity seen between DGC preparations of MVs for and and compare these DGC data with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) columns.

The transcriptional responses of cultured wound cells to the excretions and secretions of medicinal Lucilia sericata larvae.

Maggots, through their excretions and secretions (ES), promote wound healing by removing necrotic tissue, counter bacterial infection, and activate wound associated cells. We investigated the effects of a physiological dose of maggot ES on four wound-associated cell types in vitro with Affymetrix gene expression arrays; keratinocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes. Keratinocytes showed the fewest (n = 5; p < 0.

The transition from iron starvation to iron sufficiency as an important step in the progression of infection.

Iron is an essential micronutrient for microbial life. At the start of an infection the host environment will normally restrict available iron, and innate immune responses will aim to further reduce iron, thus inhibiting growth of potential pathogens. Successful pathogens have developed a variety of mechanisms to acquire iron from the available in vivo sources, using remote and direct capture, to render their environment iron replete.