Reduced staining from a chlorhexidine mouthwash: A randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: To investigate the stain preventing ability of a new chlorhexidine mouthwash while maintaining efficacy using a randomized clinical trial design.

Methods: 98 subjects were enrolled and completed a 4-week clinical study that evaluated the effectiveness of the new mouthwash on plaque, gingivitis, and staining as compared to a commercially available chlorhexidine mouthwash. A subset of 62 subjects was evaluated for the effectiveness of the mouthwashes against plaque bacteria.

Modulation of Biofilm Formation and Permeability Streptococcus mutans during Exposure To Zinc Acetate.

The penetration of biofilms by antimicrobials is a potential limiting factor in biofilm control. This is relevant to oral health, as compounds that are used to control microbial growth and activities could also affect the permeability of dental plaque biofilm with secondary effects on biofilm tolerance. We investigated the effects of zinc salts on the permeability of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

Increase in the level of oral neutrophils with gingival inflammation - A population survey.

Objectives: Host responses to oral inflammation include a continuous and substantive response with the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). PMN, referred to as first responders, migrate rapidly from the circulatory system through the connective tissue to mitigate stimuli and localize in the saliva. This study examined the relationship between the well-established clinical indices of gingivitis and dental plaque and the PMN level.

Chlorhexidine Improves Hygiene Reducing Oral Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes with Antimicrobial Effects at Distinct Microenvironments amongst Subjects Stratified by Health Status.

Oral conditions such as gingivitis and oral malodor are commonly reported globally. Objective: This investigation clinically stratified subjects to healthy, malodor and gingivitis groups and enumerated oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) as a measure of inflammation prior to and after rinsing with a chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash. The study also assessed clinical outcomes (dental plaque and gingival bleeding indices), malodor (halimeter scores, organoleptic and tongue coat index and microbiological parameters (anaerobic and malodor organisms of dental plaque, tongue surface and saliva) for a comprehensive assessment of the oral inflammatory burden.

The Utility of Salivary Heme to Stratify Healthy Volunteers from Individuals with Gingivitis and Periodontitis: a Pilot Study.

Gingival bleeding due to poor oral hygiene is reported globally. Assessment of blood in saliva may improve diagnostics, serve as an outcome measure in clinical trials and support patient education through point-of-care tests. This work analyzed salivary heme using a rapid test format and separately using a lateral flow immunoassay assay [LF] for chair-side implementation.

Increasing oral PMN during experimental gingivitis and its reversal by prophylaxis.

Unlabelled: This investigation evaluated clinical parameters and the levels of polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN] collected in an oral rinse amongst subjects who refrained from dental hygiene for a period of 12 days.

Methods: Study enrolled consenting adults and assigned to a non-prophy group [n = 16] and a separate prophy group [n = 27]. Both groups underwent clinical evaluations and sampling for PMN at baseline and on days 3,6,9 and 12 of study initiation.

A randomized clinical study to examine the oral hygiene efficacy of a novel herbal toothpaste with zinc over a 6-month period.

Objectives: This clinical investigation examined the effects of brushing with a test toothpaste containing natural ingredients, that is, clove (Syzgium Aromaticum), aloe vera (Aloe Barbadensis), amla (Emblica Officinalis), neem (Azadirachta Indica), tulsi (Ocimum Basillicum) and honey (from Apis Mellifera) along with zinc salts and fluoride in comparison with a dentifrice formulated with fluoride alone on dental plaque and gingivitis over a 6-month period.

Materials And Method: One hundred and eighty (180) subjects with mean plaque index scores greater than 1.5 (Turesky Modified Quigley Hein Plaque Index) and gingival index scores >1.

Reductions in clinical inflammation and oral neutrophils with improving oral hygiene.

Objective: This study compared the effects of oral hygiene with a toothpaste formulated with zinc (test) to a fluoride dentifrice (control) for effects on oral polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) as a measure of whole mouth inflammation along with effects on clinical parameters of dental plaque and gingivitis.

Materials And Methods: Adults (age range 18-60 years, n = 212) completed this double-blind, parallel design study. After washout, a baseline oral rinse sample was evaluated for PMN prior to clinical assessments for gingivitis and dental plaque.

Antimicrobial effects in oral microenvironments by a novel herbal toothpaste.

Objective: This clinical study compared the antibacterial effects after brushing with a novel herbal toothpaste incorporating zinc [test] to a control fluoride toothpaste on anaerobic organisms, gram-negative bacteria and malodor bacteria of dental plaque, tongue scrapings and cheek surfaces.

Methods: This double-blind, two-cell study enrolled 44 adults [age range 19-63 years]. Subjects completed a 1-week washout and provided baseline oral samples i.

The effects of a novel herbal toothpaste on salivary lactate dehydrogenase as a measure of cellular integrity.

Objective: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a critical intracellular enzyme responsible for anaerobic respiration in pyruvate metabolism which becomes detectable in extracellular spaces after cellular breakdown. This clinical investigation examined the effects of brushing with a test toothpaste containing natural ingredients, i.e.

Effects of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on clinical parameters of gingivitis, dental plaque and oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN].

Histological features of oral inflammation include infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN], however studies have not examined the effects of interventions mitigating inflammation on oral PMN. : This double-blind clinical study examined the effects of rinsing with mouthwashes formulated with chlorhexidine [CHX], an ingredient widely utilized in the dental clinic in comparison to a control on oral PMN representing a novel measure of inflammation. A concurrent evaluation of dental plaque and gingival inflammation using widely accepted clinical indices was included in the study.

Visualization and Quantification of the Oral Hygiene Effects of Brushing, Dentifrice Use, and Brush Wear Using a Tooth Brushing Simulator.

Approaches that reproduce dental hygiene regimens under controlled conditions have applications in preclinical research. We have applied standardized, reproducible brushing regimes to typodonts coated in simulated or biological plaques to assess the effects on tooth cleaning of toothbrush/dentifrice regimens. Replicated typodonts were coated with Occlude or Glogerm indicators to simulate plaque, and brushed reproducibly using a mechanical brushing simulator to compare the cleaning of occlusal surfaces before and after brushing with water or a dentifrice.

Antimicrobial effects of a stannous fluoride toothpaste in distinct oral microenvironments.

Background: Clinical research has shown a relationship between microbial accumulations and oral diseases such as gingivitis and caries. The mouth harbors large densities of bacteria in distinct oral microenvironments, that is, dental plaque on teeth, saliva, and soft tissues such as the tongue, cheek, and gingiva. In this home-use study, the authors compared the effects of brushing with a newly formulated stannous fluoride toothpaste and a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on bacteria of distinct oral microenvironments.

The Effects of Two New Dual Zinc plus Arginine Dentifrices in Reducing Oral Bacteria in Multiple Locations in the Mouth: 12-Hour Whole Mouth Antibacterial Protection for Whole Mouth Health.

Objectives: To compare the effects of two new fluoride toothpastes with Dual Zinc plus Arginine to the effects of a fluoride control toothpaste in reducing bacteria in oral biofilm on teeth and in multiple soft tissue locations, as well as in saliva, 12 hours after 14 and 29 days of product use.

Methods: A randomized, single-center, three-cell, double-blind, parallel-group design was employed. The study protocol was approved by an Institutional Review Board.

Microbiological and clinical effects of an oral hygiene regimen.

Objective: This study compared the additional effect of rinsing with a fluoride-free and alcohol-free 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash to brushing alone on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and supragingival plaque bacteria.

Methods: Adult subjects [n = 68] completed a washout period prior to baseline evaluations that evaluated gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, dental plaque, and pocket probing depths along with microbiological analysis of supragingival plaque for bacteria.

Arginine Exposure Decreases Acidogenesis in Long-Term Oral Biofilm Microcosms.

Arginine is an important pH-elevating agent in the oral cavity. It has been incorporated in oral hygiene formulations to mitigate sensitivity and to prevent caries. In this investigation, the effects of sustained arginine dosing of dental plaque microcosms on bacteriological composition and pH were evaluated under controlled conditions.

Reduction in bacteremia after brushing with a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice-A randomized clinical study.

Aim: The aims of this study were to; 1) test susceptibility to bacteremia in subjects with moderate gingivitis, and 2) compare the effects of brushing with a fluoride toothpaste (control) as compared to a triclosan/copolymer toothpaste (test) on those susceptible to repeated bacteremia.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and seven adult subjects were tested for repeated bacteremia after eating a hard apple. Twenty-nine bacteremia positive subjects were enrolled in a double-blind cross-over study designed to analyse the effects of a test toothpaste.

Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches.

Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associated with gingival inflammation and the initiation of common oral diseases. This study evaluated the distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis scores within the dental arches after prophylaxis. Methods Adult subjects from the Dharwad, India area representing the general population who provided written informed consent were scheduled for screening.

Simultaneous Assessment of Acidogenesis-Mitigation and Specific Bacterial Growth-Inhibition by Dentifrices.

Dentifrices can augment oral hygiene by inactivating bacteria and at sub-lethal concentrations may affect bacterial metabolism, potentially inhibiting acidogenesis, the main cause of caries. Reported herein is the development of a rapid method to simultaneously measure group-specific bactericidal and acidogenesis-mitigation effects of dentifrices on oral bacteria. Saliva was incubated aerobically and anaerobically in Tryptone Soya Broth, Wilkins-Chalgren Broth with mucin, or artificial saliva and was exposed to dentifrices containing triclosan/copolymer (TD); sodium fluoride (FD); stannous fluoride and zinc lactate (SFD1); or stannous fluoride, zinc lactate and stannous chloride (SFD2).

Antibacterial efficacy of a cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthrinse against Fusobacterium nucleatum and in vitro plaques.

Purpose: To assess the antimicrobial effects of a fluoride-free and alcohol-free mouthrinse containing 0.075% CPC (test rinse, TR) compared with an otherwise-identical CPC-free control rinse (CR).

Methods: Activity against laboratory cultures of Fusobacterium nucleatum, a bacterium associated with gingival disease, was determined using viable counting following 30-second exposures to TR and CR.

Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of mouthrinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium fluoride.

Background: Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and sodium fluoride augment oral hygiene by inactivating bacteria and inhibiting enamel demineralisation, respectively. However, there are few reports in the literature documenting the antibacterial efficacy of their combined use in mouthrinses. We have used six experimental systems to compare the antibacterial effects of mouthrinses containing 0.

Bacteriological effects of dentifrices with and without active ingredients of natural origin.

Compounds of natural origin are increasingly used as adjuncts to oral hygiene. We have adopted four distinct approaches to assess the antibacterial activity of dentifrices containing natural active ingredients against oral bacteria in several test systems. Corsodyl Daily (CD), Kingfisher Mint (KM), and Parodontax fluoride (PF) were compared to a dentifrice containing fluoride (Colgate Cavity Protection [CCP]) and one containing triclosan (Colgate Total [CT]).

Community-level assessment of dental plaque bacteria susceptibility to triclosan over 19 years.

Background: Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used in toothpaste to reduce dental plaque, gingivitis and oral malodor. This community-level assessment evaluated the susceptibility of dental plaque bacteria to triclosan in samples collected over 19 years.

Methods: A total of 155 dental plaque samples were collected at eleven different times over 19 years from 58 adults using 0.

Whole mouth antimicrobial effects after oral hygiene: comparison of three dentifrice formulations.

Aims: This study compared the antimicrobial effects of three commercial dentifrice formulations: sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer (TCN/C), stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate/zinc lactate (SnF(2)/SHMP) and sodium fluoride (NaF).

Materials And Methods: Thirty-five adults (15 men and 20 women; average age 33 years and pockets <5 mm) completed this double-blind, triple-crossover study. After washout, baseline samples from four sites, plaque, saliva, tongue and buccal mucosa, were collected and evaluated for six microbial types, anaerobes, Streptococci, Actinomyces, hydrogen-sulphide (H(2) S)-producing bacteria, Fusobacteria and Veillonella.