Cellular Stress: Modulator of Regulated Cell Death.

Cellular stress response activates a complex program of an adaptive response called integrated stress response (ISR) that can allow a cell to survive in the presence of stressors. ISR reprograms gene expression to increase the transcription and translation of stress response genes while repressing the translation of most proteins to reduce the metabolic burden. In some cases, ISR activation can lead to the assembly of a cytoplasmic membraneless compartment called stress granules (SGs).

PR8 virus harbouring H5N1 gene contributed for THP-1 cell tropism.

Innate immune cells are key player in immune response to influenza virus infection. Influenza infected monocytes exacerbate the disease pathology. However, monocytes differ in susceptibilities to influenza virus infection.

H5N1 NS genomic segment distinctly governs the influenza virus infectivity and cytokine induction in monocytic cells.

Background: The level of virulence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was higher than those of the other virus subtypes. It has been suggested that the nonstructural (NS) gene might be a factor contributing to H5N1 HPAI virulence.

Objectives: To determine the efficiency of the NS genomic segment of H5N1 HPAI virus on governing viral infectivity and cytokine induction in monocytic cells compared to other virus strain/subtypes.

Astible Rivularis: Bioactive Compounds and Pharmacological Functions.

Astilbe rivularis Buch. Ham., a rhizomatous perennial herb of the Saxifragaceae family, has been listed in rare species.