Recent Updates on Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery in Posterior Segment Diseases with Emphasis on Diabetic Retinopathy.

In recent years, various conventional formulations have been used for the treatment and/or management of ocular medical conditions. Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular disease of the retina, remains the leading cause of visual disability in patients with diabetes. Currently, for treating diabetic retinopathy, only intraocular, intravitreal, periocular injections, and laser photocoagulation are widely used.

Finasteride-loaded nano-lipidic carriers for follicular drug delivery: preformulation screening and Box-Behnken experimental design for optimization of variables.

Finasteride (FIN), a 5-α reductase enzyme inhibitor is mainly used orally for the treatment of androgenic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia. The present study was undertaken for systematic optimization and assessment of the designed nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to enhance follicular delivery of FIN by topical administration. The NLCs were prepared by microemulsion method, by employing a 3 Box-Behnken design and subsequently confirmed by ANOVA analysis.

Nano-Lipidic Carriers as a Tool for Drug Targeting to the Pilosebaceous Units.

The pilosebaceous unit is the triad comprising of hair follicle, arrector pilli muscle, and sebaceous gland. Drug delivery to and through the hair follicles has garnered much attention of the researchers and the hair follicles represent an attractive target site via topical applications. They are bordered by capillaries and antigenpresenting cells, connected to the sebaceous glands and the bulge region of the hair follicle anchors the stem cells.

Potential of chitosan-based carrier for periodontal drug delivery.

Periodontal diseases are chronic infectious diseases and are a major oral health burden. With the progress in the understanding of etiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases coupled with the understanding of the polymicrobial synergy in the dysbiotic oral microbial flora, several new therapeutic targets have been identified. The strategies to curb bacterial growth and production of factors that gradually destroy the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth have been the cornerstone for inhibiting periodontitis.

Application of nanocarrier-based drug delivery system in treatment of oral cancer.

Oral cancer includes cancer of lips, oral cavity and oropharynx. Oral cancer is the sixth most life-threatening disease affecting 65% of population. The delivery of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs is a challenging task due to unfavorable properties.

Biofilm-mediated Antibiotic-resistant Oral Bacterial Infections: Mechanism and Combat Strategies.

Oral diseases like dental caries and periodontal disease are directly associated with the capability of bacteria to form biofilm. Periodontal diseases have been associated to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria forming a subgingival plaque (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium). Biofilm is a complex bacterial community that is highly resistant to antibiotics and human immunity.

Loteprednol Etabonate Nanoparticles: Optimization via Box-Behnken Design Response Surface Methodology and Physicochemical Characterization.

Background: Abstract: The objective of the present work was to prepare and optimize the loteprednoletabonate (LE) loaded poly (D,L-lactide co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer based nanoparticle carrier. The review on recent patents (US9006241, US20130224302A1, US2012/0028947A1) assisted in the selection of drug and polymer for designing nanoparticles for ocular delivery applications.

Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation followed by high speed homogenization.

PLGA nanoparticles for ocular delivery of loteprednol etabonate: a corneal penetration study.

The purpose of the present study was to develop loteprednol etabonate (LE) loaded poly(d,l-lactide co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and study their penetration profile into the excised goat cornea. In the present study, LE loaded PLGA NPs were prepared by solvent evaporation with high speed homogenization method and the penetration profile was studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Rhodamine (Rd) was used as a fluorescent marker to prepare Rd-LE-PLGA-NPs.

Topical Analgesic Nanolipid Vesicles Formulation of Capsaicinoids Extract of Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense Jacq): Pharmacodynamic Evaluation in Rat Models and Acceptability studies in Human Volunteers.

Capsicum fruit is used for treating skeletomuscular disorders as a counterirritant analgesic around the globe. But its concentration-dependent irritation and concomitant withdrawal of therapy by the patients hampers its therapeutic usefulness. In the present study, a novel nanolipid approach based on elastic phospholipid vesicles was employed to encapsulate a semipurified extract of Bhut Jolokia for topical drug delivery application.

Medical management of glaucoma: focus on ophthalmologic drug delivery systems of timolol maleate.

Eye is a vital organ of our body and any complication not only poses the risk of serious medical condition but also economic burden on the individual. Timolol maleate is one of the preferable therapeutic agents for the management of glaucoma. Globally, eye drops are among the most common and popular conventional formulations, but they are also associated with some limitations in terms of therapeutic response, bioavailability, dosing frequency and poor patient compliance.

Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery, with Special Emphasis on Lipid Based Nanocarriers.

Eye is a vital sense organ of our body and any disorder can lead to serious medical implications that may put great financial burden on patient and their family. Effective drug delivery to the eye is a challenging proposition for the pharmaceutical scientist. Eye drops have been globally accepted as a formulation for anterior segment applications.

Patent perspectives for corticosteroids based ophthalmic therapeutics.

Eye inflammation, if untreated at right time poses the risk of vision loss. Several categories of drugs are available in the global market, but corticosteroids are still used for the treatment of ocular inflammation including anterior/ posterior uveitis, age related macular degeneration (AMD) and post cataract surgery inflammation. Although corticosteroids have well-documented side effects as compared to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but they are still regarded as better anti-inflammatory agents for treating ocular inflammations.

Nanocarriers for ocular delivery for possible benefits in the treatment of anterior uveitis: focus on current paradigms and future directions.

Introduction: Many therapeutic strategies have been adopted in the treatment of anterior uveitis, and it includes corticosteroids and NSAIDs. But, the successful delivery of these drugs is restricted due to limitations of conventional formulation. This review emphasizes on the possible benefits and strategies for development of various novel nanocarriers.

Penetration of tamoxifen citrate loaded ethosomes and liposomes across human skin: a comparative study with confocal laser scanning microscopy.

In the present study, ethosomal and liposomal formulations containing tamoxifen citrate were prepared and evaluated for their penetration properties in human cadaver skin using Franz diffusion cell and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The results clearly revealed that ethosomal vesicles showed a better drug permeation profile than that of liposomal vesicles. In addition, low fluorescence intensity in CLSM was recorded with liposomes as compared to ethosomes, indicating lower cumulative amount of drug permeation from liposomal vesicles.

Tamoxifen citrate loaded ethosomes for transdermal drug delivery system: preparation and characterization.

Long term tamoxifen citrate therapy is imperative to treat several dermatological and hormonal sensitive disorders. Successful oral and parenteral administration of tamoxifen citrate has been challenging since it undergoes enzymatic degradation and has poor aqueous solubility issues. In the present work, tamoxifen citrate loaded ethosomes were prepared and characterized for transdermal applications.

Nanosuspension: a new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular surface. Application to amphotericin B.

Unlabelled: Present limitations in the management of ophthalmic fungal infections include the inability to provide long-term extraocular drug delivery without compromising intraocular structures and/or systemic drug exposure. In the present study, the potential of Eudragit RS 100 nanoparticles (NPs) as a new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular mucosa was investigated. Amphotericin B (AmB) was chosen as a model compound because of its potential usefulness for the treatment of fungal diseases.

Design of Eudragit RL 100 nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method for ocular drug delivery.

Unlabelled: The objective of the current study was to prepare positively charged amphotericin-B-loaded nanoparticles providing a controlled release formulation. The particles were prepared by solvent displacement or nanoprecipitation method. The non-biodegradable positively charged polymer Eudragit RL 100 was used to prepare the different formulations with varying ratios of drug and polymer.