Revolutionizing cancer treatment: a comprehensive review of CAR-T cell therapy.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a promising new treatment for cancer that involves genetically modifying a patient's T-cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. This review provides an overview of the latest discoveries and clinical trials related to CAR-T cell therapy, as well as the concept and applications of the therapy. The review also discusses the limitations and potential side effects of CAR-T cell therapy, including the high cost and the risk of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity.

The Phantom Mark: Enigmatic roles of phospho-Threonine 4 modification of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II.

The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) has an unusual carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD). This domain is composed of a tandemly repeating heptapeptide, Y S P T S P S , that has multiple roles in regulating Pol II function and processing newly synthesized RNA. Transient phosphorylation of Ser2 and Ser5 of the YS PTS PS repeat have well-defined roles in recruiting different protein complexes and coordinating sequential steps in gene transcription.

Sequence, structural and functional conservation among the human and fission yeast ELL and EAF transcription elongation factors.

Background: Transcription elongation is a dynamic and tightly regulated step of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Eleven nineteen Lysine rich Leukemia (ELL) and ELL Associated Factors (EAF) family of conserved proteins are required for efficient RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription elongation. Orthologs of these proteins have been identified in different organisms, including fission yeast and humans.

Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two novel ELL associated factor homologs.

Transcription elongation is one of the key steps at which RNA polymerase II-directed expression of protein-coding genes is regulated in eukaryotic cells. Different proteins have been shown to control this process, including the ELL/EAF family. ELL Associated Factors (EAFs) were first discovered in a yeast two-hybrid screen as interaction partners of the human ELL (Eleven nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) transcription elongation factor.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pol II transcription elongation factor ELL functions as part of a rudimentary super elongation complex.

ELL family transcription factors activate the overall rate of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription elongation by binding directly to Pol II and suppressing its tendency to pause. In metazoa, ELL regulates Pol II transcription elongation as part of a large multisubunit complex referred to as the Super Elongation Complex (SEC), which includes P-TEFb and EAF, AF9 or ENL, and an AFF family protein. Although orthologs of ELL and EAF have been identified in lower eukaryotes including Schizosaccharomyces pombe, it has been unclear whether SEC-like complexes function in lower eukaryotes.

The amino-terminal domain of ELL transcription elongation factor is essential for ELL function in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Transcriptional elongation is a critical step for regulating expression of protein-coding genes. Multiple transcription elongation factors have been identified in vitro, but the physiological roles of many of them are still not clearly understood. The ELL (Eleven nineteen Lysine rich Leukemia) family of transcription elongation factors are conserved from fission yeast to humans.

Structure function characterization of the ELL Associated Factor (EAF) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

EAF (ELL Associated Factor) proteins interact with the transcription elongation factor, ELL (Eleven nineteen Lysine rich Leukemia) and enhance its ability to stimulate RNA polymerase II-mediated transcriptional elongation in vitro. Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains a single homolog of EAF (SpEAF), which is not essential for survival of S. pombe in contrast to its essential higher eukaryotic homologs.