Status and correlates of non-communicable diseases among children and adolescents in slum and non-slum areas of India's four metropolitan cities.

The emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in childhood poses a serious risk to a healthy adult life. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of NCDs among children and adolescents in slums and non-slums areas of four metropolitan cities of India, and in rural areas of the respective states The study further, investigated the effect of the place residence as slum vs. non-slum and other risk factors of the NCDs.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adolescents in India: a population-based study.

Background: In India, the prevalence of overweight among adolescents is on the rise, setting the stage for an increase in metabolic syndrome (MS). This paper presents the national prevalence of MS in adolescents in India.

Methods: A nationally representative data of adolescents (10-19 years) from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey was used.

Status and correlates of micronutrient deficiencies in slum and non-slum areas of India's four metropolitan cities: Investigation from CNNS.

Micronutrient malnutrition is an emerging public health concern globally. It affects people of all ages and socioeconomic groups; however, the most marginalized are the worst affected. Using data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18, we determined the magnitude of deficiencies (of iron, zinc, vitamin A, folate, vitamins B and D) among children and adolescents (1-19 years of age) living in four metropolitan cities of India.

Methods for assessing seasonal and annual trends in wasting in Indian surveys (NFHS-3, 4, RSOC & CNNS).

Wasting in children under-five is a form of acute malnutrition, a predictor of under-five child mortality and of increased risk of future episodes of stunting and/or wasting. In India, national estimates of wasting are high compared to international standards with one in five children found to be wasted. National surveys are complex logistical operations and most often not planned or implemented in a manner to control for seasonality.

The Effects of a Single Freeze-Thaw Cycle on Concentrations of Nutritional, Noncommunicable Disease, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Serum Samples.

 The stability of biological samples is vital for reliable measurements of biomarkers in large-scale survey settings, which may be affected by freeze-thaw procedures. We examined the effect of a single freeze-thaw cycle on 13 nutritional, noncommunicable diseases (NCD), and inflammatory bioanalytes in serum samples.  Blood samples were collected from 70 subjects centrifuged after 30 minutes and aliquoted immediately.

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and its Sociodemographic Patterning in Indian Children and Adolescents: Findings from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18.

Background: Anemia control programs in India focus mainly on the measurement of hemoglobin in response to iron-folic acid supplementation. However, representative national estimates of iron deficiency (ID) are not available.

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate ID prevalence among children and adolescents (1-19 y) using nationally representative data and to examine the sociodemographic patterning of ID.

Prevalence of low serum zinc concentrations in Indian children and adolescents: findings from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18.

Background: It is thought that there is a high risk of zinc deficiency in India, but there are no representative national estimates.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the national and state-level prevalence of low serum zinc concentrations (SZCs) in Indian children from the nationally representative Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey.

Methods: Prevalence of low SZC, adjusted for C-reactive protein, was estimated among preschool (1-4 y; n = 7874) and school-age children (5-9 y; n = 10,430) and adolescents (10-19 y; n = 10,140), using SZC cutoffs defined by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group.

Effect of Differences in Month and Location of Measurement in Estimating Prevalence and Trend of Wasting and Stunting in India in 2005-2006 and 2015-2016.

Background: Child undernutrition in India remains widespread. Data from the National Family Health Survey 3 and 4 (NFHS-3 and NFHS-4) suggest that wasting prevalence has increased while stunting prevalence has declined.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to do the following: ) describe wasting and stunting by month of measurement in India in children <5 y of age in NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 surveys, and ) test whether differences in the timing of anthropometric data collection and in states between survey years introduced bias in the comparison of estimates of wasting and stunting between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4.

Characterisation of the types of anaemia prevalent among children and adolescents aged 1-19 years in India: a population-based study.

Background: Anaemia is a serious public health concern in India. However, national estimates for its prevalence are not available for the 5-14 years age group, nor are estimates available for the types of anaemia among children and adolescents (1-19 years). We aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia among children and adolescents in India and to categorise types of anaemia on the basis of micronutrient deficiencies.

Effect of temperature and time delay in centrifugation on stability of select biomarkers of nutrition and non-communicable diseases in blood samples.

Introduction: Preanalytical conditions are critical for blood sample integrity and poses challenge in surveys involving biochemical measurements. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the stability of select biomarkers at conditions that mimic field situations in surveys.

Material And Methods: Blood from 420 volunteers was exposed to 2 - 8 °C, room temperature (RT), 22 - 30 °C and > 30 °C for 30 min, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours prior to centrifugation.

Association Between Body Mass index and Prevalence of Multimorbidity in Low-and Middle-income Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Chronic diseases are increasingly becoming a health burden in terms of both morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The role of body mass index (BMI) especially overweight and obesity in the prevalence of multimorbidity, the occurrence of two or more chronic conditions, is understudied in LMICs where two thirds of the world's obese individuals reside. We estimated the association between BMI and prevalence of chronic non communicable disease multimorbidity in six LMICs.

Prevalence, trends, and determinants of menopause in India: NFHS 1992-93 to NFHS 2005-06.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of menopause in three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), determine correlates of menopause, and estimate the age of start of menopause in Indian women.

Methods: Three rounds of NFHS data collected during 1992-93, 1998-99, and 2005-06 were analyzed. The NFHS was carried out using a uniform sample design all over the country.

Clean cord care practices and neonatal mortality: evidence from rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: About a million newborns die each year in India, accounting for about a fourth of total global neonatal deaths. Infections are among the leading causes of neonatal mortality. Care practices immediately following delivery contribute to newborns' risk of infection and mortality.

Effect of knowledge of community health workers on essential newborn health care: a study from rural India.

Background: This study explored the relationship between the knowledge of community health workers (CHWs)-anganwadi workers (AWWs) and auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs)-and their antenatal home visit coverage and effectiveness of the visits, in terms of essential newborn health care practices at the household level in rural India.

Methods: We used data from 302 AWWs and 86 ANMs and data from recently delivered women (RDW) (n=13,023) who were residents of the CHW catchment areas and gave birth to a singleton live baby during 2004-05. Using principal component analysis, knowledge scores for preventive care and danger signs were computed separately for AWWs and ANMs and merged with RDW data.

Impact of an integrated nutrition and health programme on neonatal mortality in rural northern India.

Objective: To assess the impact of the newborn health component of a large-scale community-based integrated nutrition and health programme.

Methods: Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluated a programme facilitated by a nongovernmental organization that was implemented by the Indian government within existing infrastructure in two rural districts of Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Mothers who had given birth in the 2 years preceding the surveys were interviewed during the baseline (n = 14 952) and endline (n = 13 826) surveys.

NGO facilitation of a government community-based maternal and neonatal health programme in rural India: improvements in equity.

Socio-economic disparities in health have been well documented around the world. This study examines whether NGO facilitation of the government's community-based health programme improved the equity of maternal and newborn health in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. A quasi-experimental study design included one intervention district and one comparison district of rural Uttar Pradesh.