Deciphering the Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α and Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.

The most prevalent cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the global AD rate is on a constant rise, medical research is yet to find a cure for this neurological condition. Current available therapeutic drugs for AD treatment only provide symptomatic alleviation.

An Update on Autophagy as a Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Proteostasis is crucial for the maintenance and proper operation of cells. Under typical circumstances, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway are used to clean out undesired, damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. Any dysregulation in the above-mentioned pathways leads to neurodegeneration.

Metoclopramide as a Potential Antipsychotic Against Long-Term Methionine Exposure in Zebrafish.

Methionine (MET) contributes to brain function and is required for proper functioning of the central nervous system. However, exceptionally high levels of MET and its metabolites in plasma have been found to be toxic and can lead to cell alterations. Long-term exposure to MET has been shown to mimic psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients and rodents.

The roles of HDAC with IMPDH and mTOR with JAK as future targets in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with combination therapy.

Various studies have shown that cytokines are important regulators in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In synovial inflammation alteration of the enzyme HDAC, IMPDH enzyme, mTOR pathway, and JAK pathway increase cytokine level. These increased cytokine levels are responsible for the inflammation in RA.

Combinatory Approaches Targeting Cognitive Impairments and Memory Enhancement: A Review.

The objective of this paper is to look at how natural medicines can improve cognition and memory when used with sildenafil, a popular erectile dysfunction medicine that also has nootropic properties. Newer treatment strategies to treat the early stages of these diseases need to be developed. Multiple factors lead to complex pathophysiological conditions, which are responsible for various long-term complications.

Combinational Approaches Targeting Various Aspects Involved in Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction-Induced Anxiety.

Anxiety disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. The high prevalence of comorbid gastrointestinal disorders and anxiety, as well as various limitations in current therapy, have necessitated the search for alternative techniques. The Gut-Brain Axis is the connecting link between the gut and the brain.

Update on Oxytocin, Phosphodiesterase, Neurokinin, Glycine as a Therapeutic Approach in the Treatment of Schizophrenia.

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by disrupted thoughts, perception, mood, and behavior. It has a heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background and affects about 0.5-1% of the adult population worldwide.

An update on novel therapeutic intervention in Rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that is slow progressive destruction of the joints and is caused by autoantibodies that target a variety of organs thereby leading to auto-destruction. Patients diagnosed with RA develop deformity of joints and show gradual functional impairment if they do not receive treatment within the desired timeline. The availability of biological treatments and the introduction of treat-to-target regimens have dramatically enhanced the outcome for patients treated with RA conditions.

Critical Strategies for Drug Precipitation Inhibition: A Review with the Focus on Poorly Soluble Drugs.

An oral route for drug administration is a more suitable route because of its ease of administration, pain avoidance, patient compliance, accommodation of various types of drug molecules, etc. But there are many factors affecting the oral absorption of the drugs. The main factor associated with oral absorption is drug solubility.

Importance of Exploring N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) as a Future Perspective Target in Depression.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious and complex mental illness. Currently, many antidepressants are available in the market for the treatment of MDD. However, these agents are associated with side effects, which restricts their use.

Plants with potential anti-ulcerogenic activity and possible mechanism of actions based on their phyto-constitutional profile.

Gastric ulcer, the most common disorder of the digestive tract is formed due to an imbalance between acid and mucus content of the stomach. However, the currently used western therapeutic regimens have many drawbacks like adverse effects, recurrence of gastric ulcers, are expensive, and also, may have interactions with other drugs. Hence, there is a need for effective alternative therapy.

Use of In silico tools for screening buffers to overcome physical instability of Abatacept.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) is used for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis. Abatacept is a monoclonal antibody.

Copper-lowering agents as an adjuvant in chemotherapy.

Copper is an important element essential for metabolism and normal human body function. Although it is an essential element, related imbalance leads to toxic effects. Studies have proved that there is an increase in copper level in cancer cells.

Combinational Approaches Targeting Neurodegeneration, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most severe ocular problems of diabetes. It is a microvascular complication that impairs the vision of diabetic individuals and can cause acquired blindness. Currently, available treatment options like laser therapy, vitrectomy, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, and glucocorticoids help to reduce vision loss at advanced stages.

Mini review-vanadium-induced neurotoxicity and possible targets.

Vanadium, a transition metal, ubiquitous in nature is known to have therapeutic effect as well as toxic effect. It is known to possess antidiabetic, antitumor and antiparasitic activity. However, on long term exposure, it produces neurotoxicity which may result in memory impairment.

The effect of bupropion augmentation of minocycline in the treatment of depression.

The aim of the current study was to analyse the augmentation of minocycline with bupropion in treating depression. 'Saline' (10 ml/kg), 'minocycline per se' (25 mg/kg), 'minocycline per se' (50 mg/kg), 'bupropion per se' (5 mg/kg), 'bupropion per se' (10 mg/kg) and 'bupropion + minocycline' (5 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg each) were administered to mice via the intraperitoneal route. In the forced swim and tail suspension test, the immobility period was analysed after 30 min of the treatment.

Prominence of Oxidative Stress in the Management of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs Related Hepatotoxicity.

Advanced medical services and treatments are available for treating Tuberculosis. Related prevalence has increased in recent times. Unfortunately, the continuous consumption of related drugs is also known for inducing hepatotoxicity which is a critical condition and cannot be overlooked.

Potentiation of Antidepressant Effects of Agomelatine and Bupropion by Hesperidin in Mice.

Hesperidin, a well-known flavanone glycoside mostly found in citrus fruits, showed neuroprotective and antidepressant activity. Agomelatine, a melatonergic MT/MT agonist and 5-HT receptor antagonist, exhibits good antidepressant efficacy. Bupropion has been widely used for the treatment of depression because of its dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition.

Herbal approach in the treatment of pancytopenia.

Pancytopenia is a health condition in which there is a reduction in the amount of leucocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes. If more than one of the blood cells is low then the condition is called as bicytopenia. The pancytopenic condition is observed in treatment of diseased conditions like thalassemia and hepatitis C.

Evaluation of anxiolytic effects of aripiprazole and hydroxyzine as a combination in mice.

Context: Anxiety disorders are chronic, common, and often comorbid. There is an unmet need in its treatment. Aripiprazole and hydroxyzine are well-known therapeutic options used as monotherapy in clinics.

Enhancement of nootropic effect of duloxetine and bupropion by caffeine in mice.

Objective: The existing evidence suggests an association between depression and memory impairment. The objective of present study was to assess the effect of low dose caffeine with duloxetine and bupropion on memory.

Materials And Methods: Mice were divided randomly into seven groups.

Effect of a combination of duloxetine with hydroxyzine on experimental models of anxiety in mice.

Objective: There is a strong association between depression and anxiety. Duloxetine, an antidepressant agent, is also used in the treatment of anxiety. Hydroxyzine is preferred over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety.

The Combination of Antidepressant Duloxetine with Piracetam in Mice does not Produce Enhancement of Nootropic Activity.

There is a strong association between depression and memory impairment. The present study aims to assess the nootropic activity of duloxetine and piracetam combination. Male Swiss Albino mice were divided randomly into 4 groups.

Augmentation of antidepressant effects of duloxetine and bupropion by caffeine in mice.

There is an unmet need in the treatment of depression suggesting requirement of new therapeutic approaches having better efficacy and safety profile. Patients receiving antidepressant therapy generally consume caffeine in the form of tea or coffee. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the augmentation of antidepressant effects of duloxetine and/or bupropion with caffeine.

Impact of pre-exposure of tail suspension on behavioural parameters like locomotion, exploration, and anxiety in mice.

The tail suspension test (TST) is a valid tool for assessing antidepressant activity. Association between depression and lower locomotion and exploration activities is also reported. In the present study, photoactometer, hole board and elevated plus maze tests were performed to evaluate locomotion, exploration and anxiety activities on animals of first and second set, however animals of second set were pre-exposed to TST.