A robust immunohistochemical assay for detecting PTEN expression in human tumors.

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a negative regulator of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway that controls cell cycle progression, growth and inhibition of apoptosis. Loss of PTEN protein expression has been associated with tumorigenesis, cancer progression and drug resistance, but conflicting results exist which may be due in part to difficulties inherent in PTEN immunohistochemistry (IHC). We sought a robust PTEN IHC assay.

Genome-wide detection of allelic imbalance using human SNPs and high-density DNA arrays.

Most human cancers are characterized by genomic instability, the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations and allelic imbalance throughout the genome. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a common form of allelic imbalance and the detection of LOH has been used to identify genomic regions that harbor tumor suppressor genes and to characterize tumor stages and progression. Here we describe the use of high-density oligonucleotide arrays for genome-wide scans for LOH and allelic imbalance in human tumors.

Hereditary hemochromatosis in liver transplantation.

A candidate gene, HFE, was recently described in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and found to contain a missense mutation leading to a cysteine to tyrosine substitution (C282Y). A second mutation, H63D, was also found in the gene. This study was undertaken to determine the HFE genotype in liver transplant recipients clinically diagnosed with HH and those incidentally found to have increased iron deposition in their explanted livers and to evaluate whether biochemical or histological hepatic iron indices (HIIs) correlated with homozygosity for the C282Y mutation.

HFE gene knockout produces mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis.

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased iron absorption and progressive iron storage that results in damage to major organs in the body. Recently, a candidate gene for HH called HFE encoding a major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein was identified by positional cloning. Nearly 90% of Caucasian HH patients have been found to be homozygous for the same mutation (C282Y) in the HFE gene.

The hemochromatosis founder mutation in HLA-H disrupts beta2-microglobulin interaction and cell surface expression.

We recently reported the positional cloning of a candidate gene for hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), called HLA-H, which is a novel member of the major histocompatibility complex class I family. A mutation in this gene, cysteine 282 --> tyrosine (C282Y), was found to be present in 83% of HH patient DNAs, while a second variant, histidine 63 --> aspartate (H63D), was enriched in patients heterozygous for C282Y. The functional relevance of either mutation has not been described.

Clone-contig and STS maps of the hereditary hemochromatosis region on human chromosome 6p21.3-p22.

YAC-based and bacterial-clone based STS-content maps were constructed that served as the framework physical maps for the positional cloning of a candidate gene for hereditary hemochromatosis. The YAC-based map comprises 43 YACs and 86 STS and spans approximately 8 Mb of DNA between the class I region of the major histocompatibility complex on human chromosome 6p21.3 and D6S276 in 6p22.

A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis.

Hereditary haemochromatosis (HH), which affects some 1 in 400 and has an estimated carrier frequency of 1 in 10 individuals of Northern European descent, results in multi-organ dysfunction caused by increased iron deposition, and is treatable if detected early. Using linkage-disequilibrium and full haplotype analysis, we have identified a 250-kilobase region more than 3 megabases telomeric of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that is identical-by-descent in 85% of patient chromosomes. Within this region, we have identified a gene related to the MHC class I family, termed HLA-H, containing two missense alterations.