Gynecomastia and hypertension in a patient treated with posaconazole.

Posaconazole therapy may lead to increased serum estradiol levels and development of gynecomastia. Early detection by endocrine hormone measurements may help preventing gynecomastia.

Hypogonadism in the aging male diagnosis, potential benefits, and risks of testosterone replacement therapy.

Hypogonadism in older men is a syndrome characterized by low serum testosterone levels and clinical symptoms often seen in hypogonadal men of younger age. These symptoms include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased vitality, decreased muscle mass, increased adiposity, depressed mood, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Hypogonadism is a common disorder in aging men with a significant percentage of men over 60 years of age having serum testosterone levels below the lower limits of young male adults.

Emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and a relative insulin secretion defect. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has risen worldwide in large part because of an increase in obesity and sedentary lifestyles.