Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening and Management: History and Current Advances.

Aim: Regular screening of large number of people with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy (DR) with the support of available human resources alone is a global challenge. Digital health innovation is a boon in screening for DR. Multiple artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep learning (DL) algorithms have shown promise for accurate diagnosis of referable DR (RDR).

Wide-field imaging with smartphone based fundus camera: grading of severity of diabetic retinopathy and locating peripheral lesions in diabetic retinopathy.

Aim: To assess the performance of smartphone based wide-field retinal imaging (WFI) versus ultra-wide-field imaging (UWFI) for assessment of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) as well as locating predominantly peripheral lesions (PPL) of DR.

Methods: Individuals with type 2 diabetes with varying grades of DR underwent nonmydriatic UWFI with Daytona Plus camera followed by mydriatic WFI with smartphone-based Vistaro camera at a tertiary care diabetes centre in South India in 2021-22. Grading of DR as well as identification of PPL (DR lesions beyond the posterior pole) in the retinal images of both cameras was performed by senior retina specialists.

Role of cystatin C in the detection of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes.

Aim: To study the association between cystatin C and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods: In a cross-sectional study carried out at two tertiary centres in India in 2022, individuals with T2DM underwent clinical and ophthalmic assessments and estimation of serum cystatin C. Grading of DR was done by retina specialists.

Effects of Metabolic Surgery on Diabetic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy Among Obese Asian Indians with Type 2 Diabetes.

Introduction: To evaluate the effect of metabolic surgery on microvascular changes associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in obese Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), one year after metabolic surgery.

Methods: This is a follow up study in 21 obese Asian Indians with T2DM who underwent metabolic surgery (MS). Diabetic microvascular complications were assessed before and one-year post surgery using urinary albumin, protein creatinine ratio, eGFR, retinal colour photography and Optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Beneficial Primary Outcomes of Metabolic Surgery with Changes in Telomere Length and Mitochondrial DNA in Obese Asian Indians with Dysglycemia.

Introduction: Although metabolic surgery has been shown to offer beneficial primary outcome results in obese individuals / obese Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, there is paucity of information on the underlying mechanisms. In the recent years, estimations of non-invasive molecular parameters viz., telomere length and mtDNA copy number (mtDNAcn) assume significance as robust biomarkers.

Accuracy of 1-Hour Plasma Glucose During the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: A Meta-analysis.

Objective: One-hour plasma glucose (1-h PG) during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an accurate predictor of type 2 diabetes. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the optimum cutoff of 1-h PG for detection of type 2 diabetes using 2-h PG as the gold standard.

Research Design And Methods: We included 15 studies with 35,551 participants from multiple ethnic groups (53.

Outcomes of metabolic surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes with respect to impact on beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and diabetes remission - A study from south India.

Background And Aims: Metabolic surgery is gaining popularity as a procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of metabolic surgery on beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and glycemic status in obese Asian Indian patients.

Methods: This is a prospective study of 26 patients with T2DM who underwent metabolic surgery.

Plausible diagnostic value of urinary isomeric dimethylarginine ratio for diabetic nephropathy.

Altered circulatory asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines have been independently reported in patients with end-stage renal failure suggesting their potential role as mediators and early biomarkers of nephropathy. These alterations can also be reflected in urine. Herein, we aimed to evaluate urinary asymmetric to symmetric dimethylarginine ratio (ASR) for early prediction of diabetic nephropathy (DN).

1,5 Anhydroglucitol in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: 1,5 Anhydroglucitol (1,5 AG) is reported to be a more sensitive marker of glucose variability and short-term glycemic control (1-2 weeks) in patients with type1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the role of 1,5 AG in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not clear. We estimated the serum levels of 1,5 AG in pregnant women with and without GDM.

The 1h post glucose value best predicts future dysglycemia among normal glucose tolerance subjects.

Aim: To analyse the OGTT glycemic parameters - fasting, 1h and 2h plasma glucose values singly and in various combinations; with respect to their prediction of future dysglycemia in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods: Electronic medical records of individuals who underwent an OGTT between 1991 and 2016 at a tertiary diabetes centre were analysed. NGT subjects who had at least one more follow up OGTT (n=1356) were selected for the study.

Relationship of glycemic control markers - 1,5 anhydroglucitol, fructosamine, and glycated hemoglobin among Asian Indians with different degrees of glucose intolerance.

Objective: 1,5 anhydroglucitol (1,5 AG) is emerging as a marker of short-term glycemic control. We measured levels of 1,5 AG, fructosamine (FA), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Asian Indians with different degrees of glucose intolerance.

Materials And Methods: We recruited 210 individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; = 60), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; = 50), and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; = 100) from a large tertiary diabetes center in Chennai in Southern India.

Metabolic profile of normal glucose-tolerant subjects with elevated 1-h plasma glucose values.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic profiles of subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) with and without elevated 1-h postglucose (1HrPG) values during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Methodology: The study group comprised 996 subjects without known diabetes seen at tertiary diabetes center between 2010 and 2014. NGT was defined as fasting plasma glucose <100 mg/dl (5.

β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Normal Glucose-Tolerant Subjects Stratified by 1-Hour Plasma Glucose Values.

Aim: This study was designed to assess β-cell function and insulin sensitivity indices among normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects stratified by 1-h plasma glucose (1hPG) values during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Materials And Methods: One hundred sixty-six NGT subjects underwent a five-point OGTT, and glucose and insulin levels were estimated. We calculated the following indices: (a) β-cell function (homeostasis assessment model-β-cell function [HOMA-β] and Insulinogenic Index [IGI]) and (b) insulin sensitivity (homeostasis assessment model-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], Matsuda Index, and Insulin Sensitivity Index [ISI]).