Attenuation of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity involved in the antidepressant-like effect of the MK-801(dizocilpine) in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced depression in mice.

Background The emerging line of research suggests that neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress are linked to the development of depression-like behavior. The tryptophan metabolizing enzyme, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), serves as an important interface between chronic inflammation and depression. IDO is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines and diverts tryptophan towards the kynurenine pathway, decreasing serotonin synthesis.

Cadmium level in brain correlates with memory impairment in F1 and F2 generation mice: improvement with quercetin.

The increased exposure to cadmium (Cd) through environmental pollutants, food and cigarette smoke is a concern worldwide. The association of Cd with impaired learning disabilities led us to hypothesise that cadmium levels in brain tissue could be dose-dependently related to the extent of memory impairment and oxidative stress. In this study, we proposed to study whether cadmium exposure to dams could alter the brain Cd levels, memory parameters, antioxidant enzymes in brain and their gene expression in the F1-F2 generation mice and whether quercetin could modulate this effect.

Alteration in cognitive behaviour, brain antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expression in F1 generation mice, following Cd exposure during the late gestation period: modulation by quercetin.

We investigated whether in-utero Cd(II) chloride exposure of the dams between 14th to 21st day of gestation affects memory and learning, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expression in brain of the pups in their adulthood. In the Morris water maze, cadmium (Cd) exposure impaired spatial memory which was reversed following co-treatment with quercetin (100 mg/kg). In the passive avoidance paradigm, retention memory was adversely affected but was significantly reversed by co treatment with quercetin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg).

Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant Effects of Stem Extract on Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Epilepsy.

Background: (banana) plant extract has been shown to possess antioxidant activity in previous studies. Neuronal injury resulting from oxidative stress is an important factor involved in pathogenesis of epilepsy.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of stem extract (MSSE) in acute and chronic experimental models in mice and its effects on various markers of oxidative stress in the brain of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled animals.

Effects stem extract on experimental models of anxiety.

Objective: The (banana) plant extract has shown antioxidant activity in previous studies. Oxidative stress is one of the important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of aqueous extract of stem (MSSE) in experimental models in mice.

Effect of Low Level Subchronic Microwave Radiation on Rat Brain.

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of subchronic low level microwave radiation (MWR) on cognitive function, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) level and DNA damage in brain of Fischer rats.

Methods: Experiments were performed on male Fischer rats exposed to microwave radiation for 90 days at three different frequencies: 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz. Animals were divided into 4 groups: Group I: Sham exposed, Group II: animals exposed to microwave radiation at 900 MHz and specific absorption rate (SAR) 5.

Comparison of fluoxetine and 1-methyl-L-tryptophan in treatment of depression-like illness in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced inflammatory model of depression in mice.

Background: The inflammatory response system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression. The pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferon-γ induce the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. The induction of IDO reduces the availability of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis.

Effect of Stem Extract on Animal Models of Depression.

Background: , the banana plant, has shown to possess antioxidant activity in previous studies. Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) with evidence of increased serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in MDD patients.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of stem extract (MSSE) in experimental models in mice.

Quercetin Modulates the Effects of Chromium Exposure on Learning, Memory and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in F1 Generation Mice.

In the present study, we investigated whether chromium (Cr) administered to the dams (F0) during lactation period could affect memory and oxidative stress in F1 generation mice in their adulthood and whether quercetin could modulate these effects. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test for spatial memory. Passive avoidance task and elevated plus maze were used to test for acquisition and retention memory.

Cadmium exposure during lactation causes learning and memory-impairment in F1 generation mice: amelioration by quercetin.

Cadmium (Cd) is a known pollutant present in the environment at low levels and is reported to affect reproduction in many ways. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of Cd in F1 generation mice on cognitive parameters, and to further investigate whether quercetin could modulate these effects. In this study, female lactating mice were exposed to cadmium for seven days just after delivery.

Suvorexant: The first orexin receptor antagonist to treat insomnia.

Primary insomnia is mainly treated with drugs acting on benzodiazepine receptors and a few other classes of drugs used for different co-morbidities. A novel approach to treat insomnia has been introduced recently, with the approval of suvorexant, the first in a new class of orexin receptor antagonists. Orexin receptors in the brain have been found to play an important role in the regulation of various aspects of arousal and motivation.

Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation.

The health hazard of microwave radiation (MWR) has become a recent subject of interest as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic low-intensity microwave exposure on cognitive function, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and DNA damage in rat brain. Experiments were performed on male Fischer rats exposed to MWR for 180 days at 3 different frequencies, namely, 900, 1800 MHz, and 2450 MHz.

Effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats.

Objective: Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) is commonly known as cinnamon in traditional system of medicine having antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and other activities. The present study was designed to assess the effect of extract of CZ bark on cognitive performance of scopolamine (SCOP)-treated rats and on associated altered oxidative stress markers in the brain of rats.

Methods: The extract was administered orally in three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for a period of 21 days.

Effect of ovarian sex hormones on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric lesions in female rats.

Objective: The objective of the following study is to investigate the effect of ovarian sex hormones on gastric ulcer in female rats.

Materials And Methods: Female rats were treated daily with estrogen (0.05 and 0.

Anticonvulsant activity of Aloe vera leaf extract in acute and chronic models of epilepsy in mice.

Objectives: The effect of Aloe vera in epilepsy has not yet been explored. This study was done to explore the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaf powder on three acute and one chronic model of epilepsy.

Methods: In acute study, aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaf (extract) powder was administered in doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.

Augmented primary humoral immune response and decreased cell-mediated immunity by Murraya koenigii in rats.

Background: Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae) (curry patta: Hindi) of the family Rutaceae is used in the traditional Indian system of medicine for its immunomodulatory properties. The essential oil of the leaves of M. koenigii possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, and pesticidal activities and is used for the treatment of amebiasis, diabetes, and hepatitis.

Possible role of oxidative stress and brain derived neurotrophic factor in triazophos induced cognitive impairment in rats.

Triazophos, O,O-diethyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate, (TZ) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used as an insecticide in agriculture fields, however, its adverse effects on cognitive function remain unknown till date. The present study was designed to identify the effect of TZ on cognitive function in order to gain an insight into the molecular mechanism(s) probably involved in TZ induced toxicity. Wistar male albino rats were orally administered with TZ at 8.

Effect of low level microwave radiation exposure on cognitive function and oxidative stress in rats.

Use of wireless communicating devices is increasing at an exponential rate in present time and is raising serious concerns about possible adverse effects of microwave (MW) radiation emitted from these devices on human health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of 900 MHz MW radiation exposure on cognitive function and oxidative stress in blood of Fischer rats. Animals were divided into two groups (6 animals/group): Group I (MW-exposed) and Group II (Sham-exposed).

CYP2D6*2 Polymorphism as a Predictor of Failed Outpatient Tramadol Therapy in Postherpetic Neuralgia Patients.

Human cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) gene is highly polymorphic, leading to wide interindividual ethnic differences in CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism. Its activity ranges from complete deficiency to excessive activity, potentially causing toxicity of the medication or therapeutic failure with recommended drug dosages. The aim of the study was to find the association of CYP2D6*2 polymorphisms with demographic characters (age, sex, and weight), pain intensity scales [numerical rating scale (NRS) sleep, global perceived effect (GPE)], and adverse drug effects in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) patients receiving tramadol.

Aloe vera improves memory and reduces depression in mice.

Objective: Aloe vera (barbadensis Mill., Family Liliaceae) since ancient times has been used for the treatment of skin disorders, infection, and as a laxative. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of A.

Effect of phosphamidon on cognition and oxidative stress and its modulation by ascorbic acid and 4'-chlorodiazepam in rats.

Neurosteroids and micronutrient are known to possess neuromodulator and neuroprotective activities. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 4'-chlorodiazepam (4CD) or ascorbic acid (Vit C) on phosphamidon (PM) induced modulation of cognitive function and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Cognitive function was measured by using step-down latency (SDL) on a continuous avoidance apparatus and transfer latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze.

A randomized, prospective study of efficacy and safety of oral tramadol in the management of post-herpetic neuralgia in patients from north India.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral tramadol therapy (50 to 200 mg/day) in the treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN).

Methods: The study was a prospective, single-blind, non-responder vs. responder, randomized trial conducted in 100 outpatients of PHN after oral administration of tramadol for 4 weeks.

Acute effect of Aloe vera gel extract on experimental models of pain.

The present study was performed to explore the effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on behavioural parameters of pain. Pain assessment was performed by the tail-flick and formalin tests. A.

Effect of resveratrol on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice.

Background: Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring compound found in grapes, wine, peanuts and cranberries. Recently, in vitro and cell culture studies have reported beneficial effects of resveratrol in the neurodegenerative process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in vivo effect of resveratrol in models of learning and memory is not yet evaluated.

CYP2D6*4 polymorphism, tramadol treatment and its clinical impact in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the CYP2D6*4 polymorphism, interindividual differences in CYP2D6 activity and adverse drug effects in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) patients receiving tramadol.

Patients & Methods: The study comprised 158 patients (including 78 nonresponders and 80 responders) with PHN who were undergoing analgesic treatment at the Pain Clinic in the Out Patient Department of the University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (New Delhi, India). The numerical rating scale scores were measured at the resting and movement stages; Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory scores were evaluated by the treating physician.