Silver nanoparticles induces apoptosis of cancer stem cells in head and neck cancer.

Background: Several nano formulations of silver nanoparticles with bioconjugates, herbal extracts and anti-cancerous drug coating have been vividly studied to target cancer. Despite of such extensive studies, AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) have not reached the stage of clinical use. Out of all possible reasons for this failure, the unexplored effect on Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) population and mechanism of action of AgNPs, are the most plausible ones and are worked upon in this study.

Macrophage infiltration in 3D cancer spheroids to recapitulate the TME and unveil interactions within cancer cells and macrophages to modulate chemotherapeutic drug efficacy.

Background: Recapitulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vitro remains a major hurdle in cancer research. In recent years, there have been significant strides in this area, particularly with the emergence of 3D spheroids as a model system for drug screening and therapeutics development for solid tumors. However, incorporating macrophages into these spheroid cultures poses specific challenges due to the intricate interactions between macrophages and cancer cells.

The Multifunction Role of Tumor-Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Interaction with Immune Cells in Breast Cancer.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous group of progenitor cells that play a multifunctional role including tissue regeneration, self-renewal properties, and differentiate into cells of mesodermal lineage such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. MSCs come into contact with tumor microenvironment (TME) and differentiate into tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs). Various substances such as chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others are released by tumor cells to recruit MSCs.

Immunomodulatory effects of β-defensin 2 on macrophages induced immuno-upregulation and their antitumor function in breast cancer.

Background: Macrophages are mononuclear CD34 antigen-presenting cells of defense mechanism and play dual roles in tumor burden. The immunomodulatory and their antitumor function of β-defensin 2 is still unclear, despite the accumulating evidence of the response in infection. So, the aim of present study is to elucidate the role of β-defensin 2 on the level of ROS, cytokines, chemokine expression in macrophages and antitumor function in breast cancer.

Role of chemokines in breast cancer.

Chemokines belong to a family of chemoattractant cytokines and are well known to have an essential role in various cancer aetiologies. Multiplesubsets of immune cells are recruited and enrolled into the tumor microenvironment through interactions between chemokines and their specific receptors. These populations and their interactions have a distinct impact on tumor growth, progression, and treatment outcomes.

Selenium nanoparticles induce suppressed function of tumor associated macrophages and inhibit Dalton's lymphoma proliferation.

Selenium Nanoparticle (SeNPs) is reported that it enhances and maintains optimal immune during infection and malignancies. To this end, we examined the role of selenium on TAMS whose anti-tumor function suppressed which favor tumor progression. BALB/c (H2d) strain of mice non-Hodgkin type of Dalton's cell line was used to check the role of carboxlic group induced, synthesized SeNPs on TAMs.

NK Cell Effector Functions Regulation by Modulating nTreg Cell Population During Progressive Growth of Dalton's Lymphoma in Mice.

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system and play a pivotal role against virus-infected cells, microbial pathogens, and tumor cells. NK cells secrete several cytokine,s but IFN-γ secreted by NK cells play a vital role in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. But during any infection or tumor burden, functional activity of NK cells is downregulated significantly by nTreg cells.

Protein kinase C-α and the regulation of diverse cell responses.

Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of lipid-sensitive enzymes that have been involved in a broad range of cellular functions. PKC-α is a member of classical PKC with ubiquitous expression and different cellular localization. This unique PKC isoform is activated by various signals which evoke lipid hydrolysis, after activation it interacts with various adapter proteins and is localized to specific cellular compartments where it is devised to work.

CD28-mediated T cell response is upregulated by exogenous application of autologous Hsp70-peptide complex in a tumor-bearing host.

Hsp70, a highly conserved protein, has gained plenty of attention by virtue of its adjuvant capability to induce peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. In this study, we have investigated the effect of autologous Hsp70-peptide complex (or simply autologous Hsp70) on the expression of CD28 on T cells and its effector functions through macrophage activation. Further, we investigated the effect of Hsp70 on the expression of CD80 and CD86 on macrophages isolated from normal and tumor-bearing host to provide costimulatory signal for T cell activation and secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ during interaction.

Antigenic Hsp70-peptide upregulate altered cell surface MHC class I expression in TAMs and increases anti-tumor function in Dalton's lymphoma bearing mice.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules not only provide a mechanistic framework for the cell-to-cell communication, but also possess broader biological function. Due to their ability to regulate presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), viral peptides which play an essential role in the regulation of immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and by regulating cytolytic activities of immune cells. Tumor cells frequently do not express MHC class I molecules; as a result, tumor cells escape from immune surveillance.

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid, chelerythrine induces apoptosis in vitro in a Dalton's lymphoma.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chelerythrine on DL cell apoptosis in an in vitro experimental setup.

Materials And Methods: For tumor model, spontaneous occurring T-cell lymphoma designated as Dalton's lymphoma (DL) was selected. Double staining, transmission electron microscope (TEM), fluorescence microscopy, Western blotting, Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction, and DNA fragmentation assay were used to detect heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and hsp70 expression and PKC phosphorylation, and apoptotic characteristic of DL cells.

Progressive growth of a murine T cell lymphoma alters population kinetics and cell viability of macrophages in a tumor-bearing host.

Tumor progression induces infiltration of immune cell populations at the site of tumor growth. Infiltrated leukocyte population including monocyte and macrophages interacts with tumor cells and tumor microenvironment and results in the suppression of macrophage functions. Impaired functions of macrophages result in the suppression/inhibition of cell-mediated immunity leading to inefficient antitumor immune responses.