Long-term motor learning in focal hand dystonia.

Objective: Because focal hand dystonia usually occurs in the over-learned stage, it would be valuable to know long-term motor learning characteristics and underlying pathophysiological features that might predispose to dystonia.

Methods: We conducted a case-control exploratory study of 15 visits over 12 weeks in the non-affected hand of a 4-finger sequence of 8 key presses in eight patients with FHD compared with eight age- and sex-matched, healthy volunteers (HVs). We studied the behavioral data and the physiological changes of the brain, including motor cortical excitability and cortical oscillations.

Prevalence of Thai patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and external validation of the 5-2-1 Criteria and the CDEPA Questionnaire: A single-centered, cross-sectional study.

Background: Advanced stage of Parkinson's disease (APD) diagnosis is challenging for general neurologists. The 5-2-1 Criteria and the Cuestionario De Enfermedad de Parkinson Avanzada (CDEPA) have been validated for screening for APD.

Objective: This article reports the period-prevalence of APD defined by a movement disorder expert, the 5-2-1 Criteria, and CDEPA and to improve the screening performance of the 5-2-1 Criteria METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective study at the Parkinson's disease (PD) clinic of a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand amongst all PD patients aged ≥ 18 years was performed from January 2016 to January 2020.

The effect of a home-based exercise program on gait characteristics in an individual with Parkinson's disease over a one-year period: A case study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a restriction on physiotherapy clinical visits for supervised exercise. It is important that individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) continue an exercise regime at home during the pandemic and also in normal situations.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the case history of an individual with PD who used a developed home-based exercise programme for one year during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Drug-Induced Movement Disorders.

Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) are most commonly associated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. However, other drugs such as antidepressants, antihistamines, antiepileptics, antiarrhythmics, and gastrointestinal drugs can also cause abnormal involuntary movements. Different types of movement disorders can also occur because of adverse drug reactions.

Validity and Reliability of the Thai Version of the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire in Individuals With Parkinson's disease.

Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Thai version of the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q) in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: The FOG-Q was translated into Thai according to the standard process. Fifty-six individuals with PD participated in the study.

An investigation of the contribution of different turn speeds during standing turns in individuals with and without Parkinson's disease.

Issues around turning can impair daily tasks and trigger episodes of freezing of gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Slow speeds associated with aging produce a more en-bloc movement strategy which have been linked with falls while turning. However, the influence of speed of turning on the complex whole-body coordination considering eye movements, turning kinematics, and stepping characteristics during turning has not been examined.

Gait and axial postural abnormalities correlations in Parkinson's disease: A multicenter quantitative study.

Introduction: Gait and axial postural abnormalities (PA) are common and disabling symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The interplay between them has been poorly explored.

Methods: A standardized protocol encompassing videos and photos for posture and gait analysis of PD patients with a clinically defined PA (MDS-UPDRS-III item 3.

Benefits of task-specific movement program on en bloc turning in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: En bloc turning highlights a lack of rotational intersegmental coordination, which commonly impacts turning ability in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Whilst this turning deficit responds fairly well to medical treatment, it may be further mitigated by performing specific exercise training. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the effects of a 4-week exercise program, which focused on task-specific movements (TSM program) on turning ability and clinical outcomes in people with PD.

Postural abnormalities in Asian and Caucasian Parkinson's disease patients: A multicenter study.

Introduction: Postural abnormalities (PA) are disabling features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indirect analyses suggested a higher prevalence of PA among Asian patients compared to Caucasian ones, but no direct comparisons have been performed so far.

Methods: An international, multicenter, cross-sectional study was performed in 6 European and Asian movement disorders centers with the aim to clarify differences and similarities of prevalence and characteristics of PA in Asian vs.

Validation of the Thai Version of the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.

Objective: This study aims to validate the Thai translation of the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS).

Methods: The English version was translated into Thai and then back-translated into English. The translated version underwent 2 rounds of cognitive pretesting to assess the ease of comprehension, ease of use and comfort with the scale.

Movement Disorders and Musculoskeletal System: A Reciprocal Relationship.

The association of movement disorders (MDs) with musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders is observed in two principal scenarios. First, MDs patients may present with MSK issues. This phenomenon is primarily observed in parkinsonian syndromes, but may also be seen in patients with dystonia, Tourette syndrome, and some gene-related MDs.

Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Severe Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review.

Background: Rhabdomyolysis associated with levodopa-induced dyskinesia (Rhab-LID) is an extremely rare, life-threatening, but treatable condition in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Case Report: We reported two cases of Rhab-LID. The first case was a 64-year-old man presenting with severe generalized dyskinesia with elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) level.

The association between developing Parkinson's disease and β-Adrenoceptor acting agents use: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Aside from genetic predisposition, many external factors such as traumatic brain injury and exposure of substances including pesticides also contribute to PD's pathogenesis. Many previous studies observed the association between the use of β-adrenoceptor acting agents and risk of PD.

Can a targeted home-based exercise programme improve turning characteristics in individuals with Parkinson's disease?

Background: Turns are often cited as a difficult task for individuals with Parkinson's disease and often lead to falls, however targeted exercise interventions may help to reduce this problem. This study examined the effects of a 10-week home-based exercise program focusing on turns which may be an exercise approach for improving mobility and reducing falls in individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Methods: Turning and stepping characteristics were recorded using Inertial Measurement Units while participants performed a 180° standing turn.

Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) in a Thai Patient: The Classic Clinical Manifestations, Funduscopic Feature, and Brain Imaging Findings with a Novel Mutation in the Gene.

Background: A 38-year-old woman was diagnosed autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) with a novel pathogenic variant in the gene presented with gradually progressive spastic ataxia since the age of 2 years; then, she became wheelchair-bound at the age of 28 years.

Phenomenology: The patient presented a combination of cerebellar dysfunctions e.g.

Establishing apomorphine treatment in Thailand: understanding the challenges and opportunities of Parkinson's disease management in developing countries.

Introduction: The increasing global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) poses a particular challenge for developing countries, such as Thailand, when delivering care to a geographically diverse populace with limited resources, often compounded by a lack of expertise in the use of certain PD medications, such as device-aided therapies (DAT).

Areas Covered: A panel of local, regional, and international PD experts convened to review the unmet needs of PD in Thailand and share insights into effective delivery of DAT, focusing on experience with apomorphine infusion. Despite its proven efficacy and safety, implementation of apomorphine infusion as a new option was not straightforward.

Facio-Oculo-Palatal Myoclonus Complicated by a Recurrent Brainstem Stroke.

Background: A 54-year-old Thai male who has suffered from multiple episodes of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes developed facio-oculo-palatal myoclonus (FOPM) 1 month after the latest episode of the brainstem stroke.

Phenomenology Shown: The patient presented with semirhythmic, involuntary, horizontal jerky, and rotatory ocular oscillation concomitant with asymmetrical palatal and perioral myoclonus consistent with FOPM.

Educational Value: FOPM is a useful clinical clue for diagnosing brainstem lesions, specifically in the Guillain-Mollaret triangle.

Lack of Target Engagement Following Low-Frequency Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Anterior Insula.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-frequency, inhibitory, deep rTMS with a novel H-coil specifically designed to stimulate the insula.

Methods: In a randomized, crossover order, 16 healthy volunteers underwent two sessions (sham; active) of 1 Hz repetitive TMS at an intensity of 120% of individual motor threshold, over the right anterior insular cortex localized using a neuronavigation system. Before, immediately after, and one hour after rTMS, subjects performed two tasks that have previously been shown in fMRI experiments to activate insular cortex: A blink suppression task and a forced-choice risk-taking task.

Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis (SREAT) Presenting with Pure Cerebellar Ataxia.

Background: Myoclonus and tremor are common movement disorder phenomenologies in steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT). Pure ataxia without encephalopathy has rarely been reported.

Case Report: We report 21- and 40-year-old females who presented with subacute pure ataxia without encephalopathy.

Parkinsonian syndromes: A review.

Since James Parkinson published his remarkable clinical observations in the "An Essay On The Shaking Palsy" in 1817, the number of diseases included in the spectrum of parkinsonian syndromes (a group of diseases that have some part of their clinical features resembling those seen in Parkinson's disease), are growing. Careful history taking, comprehensive neurological examination, and utilization of proper investigations will lead the physicians to make an accurate diagnosis of the specific disease entity present. In this recent review, we cover the issue of classification of parkinsonian syndromes, and comprehensively review the characteristic features of the commonly encountered diseases that present with this syndrome.

Brainstem dysfunction heralding disseminated cryptococcosis.

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is one of the most common central nervous system infections affecting immunocompromised patients. However, brainstem involvement is extremely rare and may represent a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. We report a non-HIV infected, chronically immunosuppressed, patient with fatal disseminated cryptococcosis presented with subcutaneous masses at both thighs and progressive brainstem dysfunction.

Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome.

Background: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, or Tourette's syndrome, is defined as the presence of both motor and vocal (phonic) tics for more than 12 months, that manifest before the age of 18 years, in the absence of secondary causes. Treatment of motor and phonic tics is difficult and challenging.

Objectives: To determine the safety and effectiveness of botulinum toxin in treating motor and phonic tics in people with Tourette's syndrome, and to analyse the effect of botulinum toxin on premonitory urge and sensory tics.