Iridium(iii) catalyzed regioselective amidation of indoles at the C4-position using weak coordinating groups.

The C4-aminated indole scaffold is frequently encountered in several natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein we disclose a simple and short synthetic route for the amidation of indoles at the C4 position by employing an aldehyde as a directing group and Ir(iii) as a catalyst. This strategy offers high selectivity for the C4-amidation of unprotected and protected indoles.

Pd-Boron-Catalyzed One Carbon Isomerization of Olefins: Water Assisted Process at Room Temperature.

A palladium-boronate/borane-system -catalyzed isomerization of olefins has been uncovered. An efficient catalytic combination of [Pd(OAc)]-boronate-PCy-enabled olefin isomerization at 80 °C has been investigated. Addition of water to the reaction showed a remarkable improvement and the isomerization occurred at ambient temperature.

OpTrust: Validity of a Tool Assessing Intraoperative Entrustment Behaviors.

Objective: The aim of this study is to establish evidence to support the validity of a novel faculty-resident intraoperative assessment tool for entrustment known as OpTrust.

Background: Recently, the landscape of surgical training has been altered, in part, because of resident work-hour changes and increased supervision requirements. To address these concerns, a new model for assessment of teaching and learning in surgical residencies must be anchored on progression through milestones and entrustment.

Potential therapeutic targets of Guggulsterone in cancer.

Natural compounds capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells have always been of considerable interest as potential anti-cancer agents. Many such compounds are under screening and development with their potential evolution as a clinical drug benefiting many of the cancer patients. Guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol isolated gum resin of the tree has been widely used in Indian traditional medicine as a remedy for various diseses.

Iodine-Catalyzed Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction: Sulfenylation of Enaminones Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Oxidant.

Synthesis of polyfunctionalized aminothioalkenes has been demonstrated using iodine as a catalyst (30 mol %) and dimethyl sulfoxide as an oxidant under metal-free reaction conditions. This methodology allows a facile sulfenylation of enaminones with a broad range of heterocyclic thiols and thiones using cross dehydrogenative coupling methods. In addition, this strategy is highly practical as it employs inexpensive and readily available iodine and DMSO with a short reaction time.

Marker Aided Incorporation of , a Major QTL Associated with Seedling Stage Salt Tolerance, into 'Pusa Basmati 1121'.

Pusa Basmati 1121 (PB1121), an elite Basmati rice cultivar is vulnerable to salinity at seedling stage. A study was undertaken to impart seedling-stage salt tolerance into PB1121 by transferring a quantitative trait locus (QTL), , using FL478 as donor, through marker assisted backcrossing. Sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) marker RM 3412, tightly linked to was used for foreground selection.

Gold-Catalyzed [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement: Reaction of Aryl Allyl Alcohols with Diazo Compounds.

A gold-catalyzed [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction has been developed. The intermolecular rearrangement occurs between in situ generated donor-acceptor gold-carbenes and cinnamyl alcohols via tandem oxonium ylide formation. The desired rearranged product has been accomplished selectively over more conventional O-H insertion, cyclopropanation, cycloaddition, and C-H functionalization products under mild, open-air conditions.

Activation of PPARγ by endogenous prostaglandin J mediates the antileukemic effect of selenium in murine leukemia.

Supplementation with nontoxic doses of micronutrient selenium has been shown to alleviate chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) via the elimination of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in mice. This treatment provides a new and novel method for eliminating the LSCs that are otherwise not targeted by existing therapies. The antileukemic effect of selenium was dependent on the production of endogenous cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs), Δ-12 prostaglandin J (Δ-PGJ), and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J (15d-PGJ).

Genomic Selection in the of Next Generation Sequencing for Complex Traits in Plant Breeding.

Genomic selection (GS) is a promising approach exploiting molecular genetic markers to design novel breeding programs and to develop new markers-based models for genetic evaluation. In plant breeding, it provides opportunities to increase genetic gain of complex traits per unit time and cost. The cost-benefit balance was an important consideration for GS to work in crop plants.

Molecular and Functional Characterization of GR2-R1 Event Based Backcross Derived Lines of Golden Rice in the Genetic Background of a Mega Rice Variety Swarna.

Homozygous Golden Rice lines developed in the background of Swarna through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) using transgenic GR2-R1 event as a donor for the provitamin A trait have high levels of provitamin A (up to 20 ppm) but are dwarf with pale green leaves and drastically reduced panicle size, grain number and yield as compared to the recurrent parent, Swarna. In this study, we carried out detailed morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of these lines in a quest to identify the probable reasons for their abnormal phenotype. Nucleotide blast analysis with the primer sequences used to amplify the transgene revealed that the integration of transgene disrupted the native OsAux1 gene, which codes for an auxin transmembrane transporter protein.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Signaling in Tumour Vascularization: Potential and Challenges.

Angiogenesis is defined as the physiological process by which new blood vessels develop from pre-existing vessels; either by sprouting or intussusception. Inhibition of angiogenesis is one of the most encouraging strategies to manage the growth and metastasis of cancers. The functional and proliferative status of blood vessels is regulated by the balance between various key molecules that either stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis.

Selenium supplementation through Se-rich dietary matrices can upregulate the anti-inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages.

The accessibility of selenium from naturally enriched sources such as cereals crops can potentially be used as selenium supplements to support nutritional requirements. Dietary selenium supplementation, as Se-rich wheat extracts, on RAW264.7 macrophage cells enhanced the antioxidant capacity via augmentation of cellular selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) expression in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment.

Iodine Promoted Regioselective α-Sulfenylation of Carbonyl Compounds using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Oxidant.

A metal-free regioselective sulfenylation of the α-CH group of ketones has been achieved in the presence of the α-CH or α-CH group using the cross dehydrogenative (CDC) strategy. Aldehydes also exhibit good selectivity forming the corresponding α-sulfenylated products. This efficient sulfenylation of ketones or aldehydes with thiones or heterocyclic thiols utilizes dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an oxidant in the presence of iodine.

Multi-Institutional Prospective Study of Reirradiation with Proton Beam Radiotherapy for Locoregionally Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Objectives: The management of recurrent NSCLC in the setting of prior radiation therapy is challenging. Proton radiotherapy (PRT) is ideally suited to minimize toxicity to previously irradiated organs. We report the safety/feasibility of PRT for NSCLC reirradiation in a prospective multi-institutional study.

Electronic Nature of Ketone Directing Group as a Key To Control C-2 vs C-4 Alkenylation of Indoles.

A novel mode of achieving site selectivity between C-2 and C-4 positions in the indole framework by altering the property of the ketone directing group is disclosed. Methyl ketone, as directing group, furnishes exclusively C-2 alkenylated product, whereas trifluoromethyl ketone changes the selectivity to C-4, indicating that the electronic nature of the directing group controls the unusual choice between a 5-membered and a 6-membered metallacycle. The screening of other carbonyl-derived directing groups reveals that strong and weak directing groups exhibit opposite selectivity.

Uncovering leaf rust responsive miRNAs in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using high-throughput sequencing and prediction of their targets through degradome analysis.

Deep sequencing identified 497 conserved and 559 novel miRNAs in wheat, while degradome analysis revealed 701 targets genes. QRT-PCR demonstrated differential expression of miRNAs during stages of leaf rust progression. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.

In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidative activity of natural phytochemical isolated from fruit-pulp of Eugenia jambolana in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Objectives: Eugenia jambolana (E. jambolana) is well known for its antidiabetic potential. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidative effect of an active compound (FIIc) isolated from fruit-pulp of E.

Mapping quantitative trait loci responsible for resistance to Bakanae disease in rice.

Background: Bakanae or foot rot disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi [teleomorph: Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito] is emerging as a serious disease in rice. The disease causes both quantitative and qualitative losses to the grains under the field conditions. Breeding for resistance to Bakanae disease is a promising strategy to manage this emerging disease.

Generation of Hydrogen from Water: A Pd-Catalyzed Reduction of Water Using Diboron Reagent at Ambient Conditions.

Production of hydrogen from renewable sources, particularly from water, is an intensive area of research, which has far-reaching relevance in hydrogen economy. A homogeneous catalytic method is presented for producing clean hydrogen gas from water, in a reaction of water with a diboron compound as the reductant, under ambient reaction conditions. The Pd-catalytic system is stable in water and displays excellent recyclability.

A copper catalyzed azidation and peroxidation of β-naphthols via an oxidative dearomatization strategy.

Dearomatizative azidation and peroxidation of β-naphthols have been explored using copper bromide as a catalyst. These reactions lead to highly valuable naphthalenone derivatives such as quaternary azide derivatives and quaternary peroxide derivatives in good yields. This method paves an excellent way for synthesizing azides and peroxides which serve as masked surrogates for their corresponding amines and alcohols.

Iodine-Catalyzed Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction: A Regioselective Sulfenylation of Imidazoheterocycles Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Oxidant.

A regioselective formation of C-S bonds has been achieved using a cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) protocol using iodine as a catalyst and dimethyl sulfoxide as an oxidant under green chemistry conditions. This strategy employs the reaction of easily available heterocyclic thiols or thiones with imidazoheterocycles. This protocol provides an efficient, mild, and inexpensive method for sulfenylation of imidazoheterocycles with a diverse range of heterocyclic thiols and heterocyclic thiones.

Synthesis of α-sulfenyl monoketones via a metal-free oxidative cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction.

α-Sulfenyl ketones are potential precursors which find a variety of applications in organic synthesis. Their typical synthesis requires pre-functionalized starting materials and two to three step synthetic sequences. In addition, the selective pre-functionalization of unsymmetrical ketones is a challenge, which limits the synthesis of the desired sulfenylated ketones.

Marker-aided Incorporation of Xa38, a Novel Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene, in PB1121 and Comparison of its Resistance Spectrum with xa13 + Xa21.

Basmati rice is preferred internationally because of its appealing taste, mouth feel and aroma. Pusa Basmati 1121 (PB1121) is a widely grown variety known for its excellent grain and cooking quality in the international and domestic market. It contributes approximately USD 3 billion to India's forex earning annually by being the most traded variety.

Ru(II)-Catalyzed C-H Activation: Amide-Directed 1,4-Addition of the Ortho C-H Bond to Maleimides.

Maleimide has been used as a selective coupling partner to generate conjugate addition products exclusively. The typical Heck-type oxidative coupling that occurs when alkenes are used is avoided by choosing maleimide as an alkene, which cannot undergo β-hydride elimination due to the unavailability of a syn-periplanar β-hydrogen atom. The amide nitrogen, which is notorious for undergoing tandem reactions to generate spirocyclic or annulation products under cross-coupling conditions, remains innocent in this report.

Effect of Recurrent Selection on Drought Tolerance and Related Morpho-Physiological Traits in Bread Wheat.

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting wheat yield. A recurrent selection program was conducted to improve the drought tolerance and yield of bread wheat using drought tolerant advanced breeding lines from a drought tolerant x susceptible cross (HI 1500 x HUW 510). The parental lines were evaluated for yield, biomass and harvest index (HI) in addition to the drought adaptive traits like Canopy Temperature (CT), chlorophyll content and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI).