Exosomes Isolation, Purification, and Characterization.

Exosomes are double-layered lipid membranous nanovesicles that are endosomal in origin and secreted by almost all cells. They are 30-130 nm in size and contain various molecular signatures such as miRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, lipids, and proteins. Due to their highly heterogeneous content, exosomes have a major role in influencing cellular physiology and pathology.

Bone marrow-fibroblast progenitor cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promote cardiac fibrosis via miR-21-5p and integrin subunit αV signalling.

Cardiac fibrosis is the hallmark of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is leading cause of death worldwide. Previously, we have shown that interleukin-10 (IL10) reduces pressure overload (PO)-induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the recruitment of bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cells (FPCs) to the heart. However, the precise mechanism of FPC involvement in cardiac fibrosis remains unclear.

Shining light on tryptamine-derived isocyanides: access to constrained spirocylic scaffolds.

Dearomatization of indoles through a charge transfer complex constitutes a powerful tool for synthesizing three-dimensional constrained structures. However, the implementation of this strategy for the dearomatization of tryptamine-derived isocyanides to generate spirocyclic scaffolds remains underdeveloped. In this work, we have demonstrated the ability of tryptamine-derived isocyanides to form aggregates at higher concentration, enabling a single electron transfer step to generate carbon-based-radical intermediates.

A computational study of CuCrX (X = S, Se, Te) for intermediate band solar cell: Conceptual density functional theory approach.

Transition metals doped semiconductors have been extensively used as a greener alternative to lead-based solar cell materials. In this work, we have investigated the structure, electronic, optical, and thermo-chemical properties of CuCrX (X = S, Se, Te) by using the Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) approach. Different suitable exchange correlations have been used for the process of geometry optimization of systems in the study.

A Cobalt Mediated Nitrene Transfer -Wittig Cascade Reaction To Access 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Scaffolds.

A cobalt(II) mediated three-component synthesis of 5-substituted--sulfonyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3)-imines using sulfonyl azides, -isocyaniminotriphenylphosphorane (NIITP), and carboxylic acids has been developed. This one-pot tandem reaction starts with a nitrene transfer to NIITP, followed by addition of the carboxylic acid to the formed carbodiimide and subsequent intramolecular -Wittig reaction. Both the steric constraints of carboxylic acid and the stoichiometry of the employed cobalt salt determine the selectivity toward the two products, i.

Challenges and future scope of exosomes in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Exosomes are nanosized vesicles that carry biologically diverse molecules for intercellular communication. Researchers have been trying to engineer exosomes for therapeutic purposes by using different approaches to deliver biologically active molecules to the various target cells efficiently. Recent technological advances may allow the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of exosomes to be modified to meet scientific needs with respect to specific diseases.

A computational study of potential therapeutics for COVID-19 invoking conceptual density functional theory.

The pandemic, COVID-19, has caused social and economic disruption at a larger pace all over the world. Identification of an effective drug for the deadliest disease is still an exigency. One of the most promising approaches to combat the lethal disease is use of repurposed drugs.

A systematic computational study of acridine derivatives through conceptual density functional theory.

A detailed computational analysis of acridine derivatives viz. acridone, 9-amino acridine hydrochloride hydrate, proflavin, acridine orange and acridine yellow is done in terms of conceptual density functional theory (CDFT). CDFT-based global descriptors-ionization potential, electron affinity, HOMO-LUMO gap, hardness, softness, electronegativity and electrophilicity index of acridine derivatives for ground state as well as excited state are estimated with the help of different hybrid functionals B3LYP/6-31G (d, p), B3LYP/6-311G (d, p), B3LYP/DGDZVP and B3LYP/LANL2DZ.

ALKBH5 Regulates SPHK1-Dependent Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis Following Ischemic Stress.

Background: Endothelial cells dysfunction has been reported in many heart diseases including acute myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanism for endothelial dysfunction in the heart is still not clearly understood. We aimed to study the role of mA RNA demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in ECs angiogenesis during ischemic injury.

Photoredox-catalyzed multicomponent Petasis reaction in batch and continuous flow with alkyl boronic acids.

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are ideal platforms for the generation of a wide variety of organic scaffolds in a convergent and atom-economical manner. Many strategies for the generation of highly substituted and diverse structures have been developed and among these, the Petasis reaction represents a viable reaction manifold for the synthesis of substituted amines coupling of an amine, an aldehyde and a boronic acid (BA). Despite its synthetic utility, the inherent drawbacks associated with the traditional two-electron Petasis reaction have stimulated continuous research towards more facile and tolerant methodologies.

Management of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Recently, the role of inflammation in the progression of diseases has significantly attracted considerable attention. In addition, various comorbidities, including diabetes, obesity, etc.

Myofibroblast-Derived Exosome Induce Cardiac Endothelial Cell Dysfunction.

Endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and in heart function. It was shown that activated fibroblast-derived exosomes impair cardiomyocyte function in hypertrophic heart, but their effect on ECs is not yet clear. Thus, we hypothesized that activated cardiac fibroblast-derived exosomes (FB-Exo) mediate EC dysfunction, and therefore modulation of FB-exosomal contents may improve endothelial function.

mRNA modifications in cardiovascular biology and disease: with a focus on m6A modification.

Among several known RNA modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most studied RNA epitranscriptomic modification and controls multiple cellular functions during development, differentiation, and disease. Current research advancements have made it possible to examine the regulatory mechanisms associated with RNA methylation and reveal its functional consequences in the pathobiology of many diseases, including heart failure. m6A methylation has been described both on coding (mRNA) and non-coding RNA species including rRNA, tRNA, small nuclear RNA and circular RNAs.

Preparation of Cu cluster catalysts by simultaneous cooling-microwave heating: application in radical cascade annulation.

One of the hallmarks of microwave irradiation is its selective heating mechanism. In the past 30 years, alternative designs of chemical reactors have been introduced, where the microwave (MW) absorber occupies a limited reactor volume but the surrounding environment is MW transparent. This advantage results in a different heating profile or even the possibility to quickly cool down the system.

Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia Infecting Hematological Malignancy Patients.

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia, associated risk factors and species identification in patients with haematological malignancies (HM).

Methods: A total of 148 consecutive patients with HM and 101 healthy subjects were evaluated for Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia using modified Kinyoun and modified Trichrome staining. Clinical, demographic and laboratory parameters were studied.

Recent Developments in Transition-Metal Catalyzed Direct C-H Alkenylation, Alkylation, and Alkynylation of Azoles.

The transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization of azoles has emerged as one of the most important strategies to decorate these biologically important scaffolds. Despite significant progress in the C-H functionalization of various heteroarenes, the regioselective alkylation and alkenylation of azoles are still arduous transformations in many cases. This review covers recent advances in the direct C-H alkenylation, alkylation and alkynylation of azoles utilizing transition metal-catalysis.

Sequential and direct multicomponent reaction (MCR)-based dearomatization strategies.

Dearomatization strategies in a multicomponent fashion often result in complex heterocyclic frameworks, which have attracted the attention of chemists due to their natural product-like structures. The combination of these two processes can easily achieve extended molecular complexity and diversity from simple starting materials with high atom economy. Thus, this field has attracted extensive interest owing to its potential significance in both asymmetric catalysis and convenient build-up of libraries of molecules with novel three-dimensional scaffolds, which may find application in medicinal chemistry.

Ligand-Enabled Palladium-Catalyzed Through-Space C-H Bond Activation via a Carbopalladation/1,4-Pd Migration/C-H Functionalization Sequence.

We report, herein, a palladium-catalyzed cascade comprising carbopalladation, 1,4-Pd-migration and C(sp )-C(sp ) bond formation to construct a variety of bis-heterocyclic frameworks in a single operational step. The methodology provides a direct approach to introduce an oxadiazole core at a remote location without any functional group obligation, with moderate to good yields.

Polarizability: a promising descriptor to study chemical-biological interactions.

Recently, we have defined atomic polarizability, a Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT)-based reactivity descriptor, through an empirical method. Though the method is empirical, it is competent enough to meet the criteria of periodic descriptors and exhibit relativistic effect. Since the atomic data are very accurate, we have applied them to determine molecular polarizability.

Energy saving and Fuzzy-PID position control of electro-hydraulic system by leakage compensation through proportional flow control valve.

In this article, the focus is on the energy efficiency along with the position control of the linear actuator used in heavy earth moving equipment. It is quite evident that linear actuators are one of the critical machinery components used in the construction and mining activities like in booms of excavation equipment. The proposed work employed two different hydraulic circuits and a contrast has been carried out in terms of the energy efficiency.

Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiac Fibrosis: Precise Role of Exosomes.

Exosomes are a group of extracellular microvesicles that deliver biologically active RNAs, proteins, lipids and other signaling molecules to recipient cells. Classically, exosomes act as a vehicle by which cells or organs communicate with each other to maintain cellular/tissue homeostasis and to respond to pathological stress. Most multicellular systems, including the cardiovascular system, use exosomes for intercellular communication.

Combining the Ugi-azide multicomponent reaction and rhodium(III)-catalyzed annulation for the synthesis of tetrazole-isoquinolone/pyridone hybrids.

An efficient sequence based on the Ugi-azide reaction and rhodium(III)-catalyzed intermolecular annulation has been established for the preparation of tetrazole-isoquinolone/pyridone hybrids. Several -acylaminomethyltetrazoles were reacted with arylacetylenes to form the hybrid products in moderate to very good yields. The method relies on the capacity of the rhodium catalyst to promote C(sp)-H activation in the presence of a suitable directing group.

A novel approach for the energy recovery and position control of a hybrid hydraulic excavator.

The heavy earth moving machineries (HEMM) like hydraulic excavator play a major role in construction and mining industries. In this context, the energy saving strategies in hydraulic excavator needs to be addressed considering its vital importance. Since the hydraulic excavators are subjected to heavy loads, hence the opportunity to harness the potential gravitational energy (GPE) remains a key area which can be effectively explored in order to minimize the energy consumption in consideration with hydraulic excavator.