VENUM (Vascular Education iN Undergraduate Medicine): a multicentre evaluation of undergraduate vascular education in the UK.

Introduction: Vascular surgery is a recognised surgical subspecialty covering an array of circulatory conditions predominately affecting geriatric and diabetic patients. As such, a wide breadth of clinicians will see patients with vascular pathologies, but it is unclear how detailed their knowledge base is. Key to this is the education of medical students, which has been poorly documented during undergraduate training in the UK.

Lipid Optimization in Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease.

Aims: This review aims to explore the current guidance and issues surrounding lipid optimisation of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

Methods: A narrative review of the global PAD guidance, specifically focusing on low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction methods including; 'treating to target', 'fire and forget' and LDL-C percentage reduction. Advanced literature searches were carried out in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases comparing most recent PAD lipid guidance.

Morphometric and traditional frailty assessment in transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Objectives: Frailty is common amongst patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic relevance of newer objective and traditional measures of frailty after TAVI.

Methods: Consecutive patients were identified from the Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust TAVI database.

Validation of two-dimensional vertebral body parameters in estimating patient height in elderly patients.

Objectives: Standardised comparison of abdominal muscle and adipose tissue is often utilised in morphometric clinical research. Whilst measurements are traditionally standardised against the patient's height, this may not be always practically feasible. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between measurements of the vertebral body and patient height.