Pharmacokinetic modelling of orally administered cannabidiol and implications for medication control in horses.

Cannabidiol (CBD) products gain increasing popularity amongst animal owners and veterinarians as an alternative remedy for treatment of stress, inflammation or pain in horses. Whilst the use of cannabinoids is banned in equine sports, there is limited information available concerning CBD detection times in blood or urine. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD following oral administration in the horse to assist doping control laboratories with interpreting CBD analytical results.

Ionophore coccidiostats - disposition kinetics in laying hens and residues transfer to eggs.

Poultry production is linked with the use of veterinary medicinal products to manage diseases. Ionophore coccidiostats have been permitted for use as feed additives within the European Union (EU) for the prevention of coccidiosis in various species of poultry with except of laying hens. The presence of chemical residues in eggs is a matter of major concern for consumers' health.

Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of levamisole in Ascaridia galli experimentally infected ducks.

This study investigated the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of levamisole (LVS) after intravenous (i.v.) and oral administrations to healthy and Ascaridia galli-infected ducks by developing an infection model.

The effects of cyclosporine A or activated charcoal co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in chickens.

The study aimed to investigate the possible role of efflux transporter proteins in the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in broilers in the model of co-administration of activated charcoal (AC) or cyclosporine A (CsA). The concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and population approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. It was found that body weight has a significant effect on the volume of distribution in the central compartment and on the systemic clearance.

Predicting the efficacy of opioid sequestration by intravenous lipid emulsion using biologically relevant in vitro models of drug distribution.

Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE), among other uses, are utilized in the treatment of poisonings caused by lipophilic substances. The body of evidence regarding the benefits of this treatment is growing but information about opioids-ILE interaction is still very scarce. In this work, the impact of ILE on the distribution of buprenorphine, fentanyl and butorphanol used in various concentrations (100-500 ng/ml) was investigated.

The influence of the site of drug administration on florfenicol pharmacokinetics in turkeys.

Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug used in the treatment of farm animals, including poultry. This drug is poorly soluble in water, therefore, administration in drinking water may lead to high variability of concentrations in treated individuals. The use of injection preparations, however, requires individual administration and may have a negative effect on the quality of the carcass.

Tylosin Dosage Adjustment Based on Allometric Scaling in Male Turkeys.

Turkeys' body weight (BW) increases 10-fold within only 2.5 months, leading to a change in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs according to allometric principles. Thus, the same dosage may lead to age-dependent variability in efficacy, in particular, to treatment failure and/or selection for resistance.

Multifunctionality of Nanosized Calcium Apatite Dual-Doped with Li/Eu Ions Related to Cell Culture Studies and Cytotoxicity Evaluation In Vitro.

Li/Eu dual-doped calcium apatite analogues were fabricated using a microwave stimulated hydrothermal technique. XRPD, FT-IR, micro-Raman spectroscopy, TEM and SAED measurements indicated that obtained apatites are single-phased, crystallize with a hexagonal structure, have similar morphology and nanometric size as well as show red luminescence. Lithium effectively modifies the local symmetry of optical active sites and, thus, affects the emission efficiency.

Cytotoxicity Study of UV-Laser-Irradiated PLLA Surfaces Subjected to Bio-Ceramisation: A New Way towards Implant Surface Modification.

In this research we subjected samples of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) extruded film to ultraviolet (193 nm ArF excimer laser) radiation below the ablation threshold. The modified film was immersed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for 1 day or 7 days to obtain a layer of apatite ceramic (CaP) coating on the modified PLLA surface. The samples were characterized by means of optical profilometry, which indicated an increase in average roughness (Ra) from 25 nm for the unmodified PLLA to over 580 nm for irradiated PLLA incubated in SBF for 1 day.

Lipemia in the Plasma Sample Affects Fentanyl Measurements by Means of HPLC-MS after Liquid-Liquid Extraction.

Examination of fentanyl levels is frequently performed in certain scientific evaluations and forensic toxicology. It often involves the collection of very variable blood samples, including lipemic plasma or serum. To date, many works have reported the methods for fentanyl detection, but none of them have provided information about the impact on the assay performance caused by an excessive amount of lipids.

Antitrichomonal activity of metronidazole-loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles in pigeon trichomoniasis.

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the novel drug delivery systems to reduce the dose of the drug and avoid side effects. Metronidazole has been used for many years in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections. Nanolactoferrin, a newly developed antibacterial agent originated from lactoferrin, is applied both as an active therapeutic and a drug nanocarrier.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in healthy and infected pigeons (, var. ).

1. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole after intravenous (i.v.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Buprenorphine Evaluation in Plasma-Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rabbits.

The precise and reliable determination of buprenorphine concentration is fundamental in certain medical or research applications, particularly in pharmacokinetic studies of this opioid. The main challenge is, however, the development of an analytical method that is sensitive enough, as the detected in vivo concentrations often fall in very low ranges. Thus, in this study we aimed at developing a sensitive, repeatable, cost-efficient, and easy HPLC analytical protocol for buprenorphine in rabbit plasma.

Allometric Optimization of Enrofloxacin Dosage in Growing Male Turkeys: Empirical Evidence for Improved Internal Exposure.

Rapid weight gain in turkeys causes a major change in the pharmacokinetics of drugs, leading to age-dependent variability in the internal exposure and, possibly, treatment failure and/or selection for antimicrobial resistance in young individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a non-linear dosing protocol that accounts for the previously established allometric relation between enrofloxacin clearance and body weight (BW) may optimize the internal exposure to enrofloxacin in growing male turkeys. Enrofloxacin was administered four times, between the age of 5 and 16.

Pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol in rats of both sexes after oral and intravenous administration of pure xanthohumol and prenylflavonoid extract.

Background: Female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are wildly used in the brewing industry. Hops have been also used for ages in folk medicine.

Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol and thiamphenicol after single oral and intravenous, as well as multiple oral administrations to geese.

1. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TP), which are synthetic bacteriostatic antimicrobial drugs, in geese after a single intravenous or oral administration, as well as seven oral doses administered at 12 h intervals. For all treatments, the dose was 30 mg/kg.

Allometric analysis of tylosin tartrate pharmacokinetics in growing male turkeys.

Background: Despite common use of tylosin in turkeys, the pharmacokinetic (PK) data for this drug in turkeys is limited. Within a few months of growth, PK of drugs in turkeys undergoes changes that may decrease their efficacy due to variable internal exposure.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of age on the PK of a single intravenous (i.

Synthesis, Cytotoxicity Assessment and Optical Properties Characterization of Colloidal GdPO:Mn, Eu for High Sensitivity Luminescent Nanothermometers Operating in the Physiological Temperature Range.

Herein, a novel synthesis method of colloidal GdPO:Mn,Eu nanoparticles for luminescent nanothermometry is proposed. XRD, TEM, DLS, and zeta potential measurements confirmed the crystallographic purity and reproducible morphology of the obtained nanoparticles. The spectroscopic properties of GdPO:Mn,Eu with different amounts of Mn and Eu were analyzed in a physiological temperature range.

LiAlO:Fe and LiAlO:Fe, Nd as a New Luminescent Nanothermometer Operating in 1st Biological Optical Window.

New types of contactless luminescence nanothermometers, namely, LiAlO:Fe and LiAlO:Fe, Nd are presented for the first time, revealing the potential for applications in biological systems. The temperature-sensing capability of the nanocrystals was analyzed in wide range of temperature (-150 to 300 °C). The emission intensity of the Fe ions is affected by the change in temperature, which induces quenching of the T (G) → A (S) Fe transition situated in the 1 biological window.

The influence of age and body weight gain on enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in turkeys-Allometric approach to dose optimization.

Enrofloxacin is a concentration-dependent antimicrobial used in bacterial infections in poultry. During a few months of a turkey's life, pharmacokinetics of drugs undergoes substantial changes which may compromise their efficacy due to variability in internal exposure (measured by area under the concentration-time curve, AUC). The aim of this study was to describe the effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous (i.

Exercise-induced changes in skin temperature and blood parameters in horses.

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of training on haematological and biochemical blood parameters as well as on the changes in body surface temperature in horses. In order to identify the predictive value of surface temperature measurements as a marker of animal's performance, their correlations with blood parameters were investigated. The study was carried out on nine horses divided into two groups: routinely ridden and never ridden.

Preparation and preliminary evaluation of bio-nanocomposites based on hydroxyapatites with antibacterial properties against anaerobic bacteria.

Hexagonal nanocrystalline powders of the non-doped Ca(PO)(OH) as well as activated with Ag and Eu ions were synthesized by using different wet chemistry methods. Moreover, the obtained hydroxyapatite was loaded with Ag, as well as nitroimidazole antimicrobials: metronidazole and tinidazole. The structural properties of the products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy as well as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy.

Protective effects of betulinic acid on intestinal mucosal injury induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.

Background: Betulinic acid (BA) is a plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid with a variety of biological activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential protective role of BA against intestinal mucosal injury induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) treatment.

Methods: Mice were pretreated with BA daily (0.