Optimization of Curvilinear Needle Trajectories for Transforamenal Hippocampotomy.

Background: The recent development of MRI-guided laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) offers a minimally invasive alternative to craniotomies performed for tumor resection or for amygdalohippocampectomy to control seizure disorders. Current LITT therapies rely on linear stereotactic trajectories that mandate twist-drill entry into the skull and potentially long approaches traversing healthy brain. The use of robotically-driven, telescoping, curved needles has the potential to reduce procedure invasiveness by tailoring trajectories to the curved shape of the ablated structure and by enabling access through natural orifices.

Secondary organic aerosol formation during evaporation of droplets containing atmospheric aldehydes, amines, and ammonium sulfate.

Reactions of carbonyl compounds in cloudwater produce organic aerosol mass through in-cloud oxidation and during postcloud evaporation. In this work, postcloud evaporation was simulated in laboratory experiments on evaporating droplets that contain mixtures of common atmospheric aldehydes with ammonium sulfate (AS), methylamine, or glycine. Aerosol diameters were measured during monodisperse droplet drying experiments and during polydisperse droplet equilibration experiments at 75% relative humidity, and condensed-phase mass was measured in bulk thermogravimetric experiments.

Brown carbon formation by aqueous-phase carbonyl compound reactions with amines and ammonium sulfate.

Reactions between small water-soluble carbonyl compounds, ammonium sulfate (AS), and/or amines were evaluated for their ability to form light-absorbing species in aqueous aerosol. Aerosol chemistry was simulated with bulk phase reactions at pH 4, 275 K, initial concentrations of 0.05 to 0.

Response of Six Potato Cultivars to Amount of Applied Water and Verticillium dahliae.

ABSTRACT Six potato cultivars were grown with or without the addition of Verticillium dahliae inoculum and were watered at 50, 75, or 100% estimated consumptive use. The applied water x cultivar interaction was significant (P = 0.009 and P = 0.

Effects of Green Manure Type and Amendment Rate on Verticillium Wilt Severity and Yield of Russet Burbank Potato.

Increasing restriction of agrochemicals is motivating development of ecology-based cropping systems, including green manures, to manage soilborne diseases. Green manures have shown promise in suppressing Verticillium dahliae, but information about effect of different green manures and optimal application rates remains limited. Therefore, we conducted two single-year field experiments comparing effects of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum 'Melrose'), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.

Assessment of Barriers to Prevent the Development of Potato Tuber Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans.

Experiments were conducted in an irrigated, sandy loam soil to evaluate mulches and hill sizes as barriers to prevent the development of potato tuber blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. In mulching experiments, five treatments were applied to field plots of cv. Red LaSoda: 1, no mulch; 2, polyurethane spray foam in an 8-cm-diameter area immediately surrounding the plant stem; 3, black polyethylene film over the entire hill except near the stem; 4, a combination of treatments 2 and 3; and 5, a water-permeable, agricultural textile treated with copper hydroxide applied over the same hill area as in treatment 3.

Foliar Fungicides as Protective Seed Piece Treatments for Management of Late Blight of Potatoes.

Fungicides receiving Section 18 emergency exemptions for management of the foliar phase of late blight of potato were evaluated as protective treatments for control of tuberborne inoculum of Phytophthora infestans in greenhouse and field studies. Three Section 18 products, Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb), Curzate M-8 (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Tattoo C (propamocarb hydrochloride + chlorothalonil), when applied to the seed piece prior to inoculation with P. infestans, significantly (P ≤ 0.

Effect of Registered Potato Seed Piece Fungicides on Tuber-borne Phytophthora infestans.

Curative applications of thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb to blighted seed pieces of three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars significantly reduced the amount of surface area colonized by Phytophthora infestans compared with treatment with thiophanate-methyl or no fungicide under laboratory conditions. Percent blighted tuber surface area over six tests averaged 3.5, 11.

Interlaboratory comparison of methods To quantify microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae in soil.

In a comparison of different methods for estimating Verticillium dahliae in soil, 14 soil samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion by 13 research groups in seven countries, using their preferred methods. One group analyzed only four samples. Twelve soil samples were naturally infested, and two had known numbers of microsclerotia of V.

Effect of Sprinkler Irrigation on Bacterial Soft Rot and Yield of Broccoli.

The effect of amount of applied water under two irrigation frequencies (once versus three times per week) on the incidence of bacterial soft rot, caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and yield of broccoli was investigated in field studies conducted in 1987 and 1988. At head initiation, the amount of applied water was varied by utilizing a line source irrigation system.

Swiveling and decatenation of replicating simian virus 40 genomes in vivo.

We have found that type II topoisomerase inhibitors have two effects on replicating simian virus 40 genomes in vivo: production of catenated dimers and slowed replication of the last 5% of the genome. This suggests that type II topoisomerase simultaneously decatenates and facilitates replication fork movement at this stage of DNA replication. On the basis of this observation, a detailed model is proposed for the roles of topoisomerases I and II in simian virus 40 DNA replication.