[Characteristics of PIK3CA gene mutations in Her2-low breast cancer].

Background: Mutations in the gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of the PI3K class IA p110α, is a common mechanism of activating of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in breast cancer (BC). The detection of these mutations in patients with hormone-positive Her2-negative BC is of important clinical value, since they are the predictor of the sensitivity of the tumor to the PI3K inhibitor - alpelisib. According to the status of the Her2/neu expression, all patients with hormone-positive Her2-negative BC can be divided into two groups - with low expression of Her2/neu (IHC 1+; 2+, ISH-) and with a complete lack of expression of this protein (IHC 0).

Agreement between PDL1 immunohistochemistry assays and polymerase chain reaction in non-small cell lung cancer: CLOVER comparison study.

The goal of the CLOVER study was to perform a pairwise comparison of four tests based on the same patient population with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): three validated PDL1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays (Ventana SP142, Ventana SP263, Dako 22C3) and one PCR test. Four hundred seventy-three NSCLC samples were obtained from a biobank and were stained using PDL1 IHC assays. Four trained pathologists independently evaluated the percentage of tumor cells (TC) and immune cells (IC) that stained positive at any intensity.

[HER2/neu gene amplification as a mechanism of clonal heterogeneity in breast cancer].

Objective: To estimate the heterogeneity of HER2/neu gene amplification in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer (BC).

Material And Methods: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay was used to estimate HER2/neu gene amplification and HER2/CEP17 ratios in BC samples with an immunohistochemical evaluation of HER2/neu2+ expression. The results were interpreted according to the 2018 ASCO/CAP guidelines.

RUSSCO-RSP comparative study of immunohistochemistry diagnostic assays for PD-L1 expression in urothelial bladder cancer.

In this collaborative study by the Russian Society of Clinical Oncology and the Russian Society of Pathology, we assessed the concordance among three validated, commercially available PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays for patients with urothelial cancer. Tumors from 100 urothelial cancer patients were stained with the antibody clones 22C3 (Agilent), SP142 (Ventana Medical Systems), and SP263 (Ventana Medical Systems), which are used in clinical trials of second-line therapy with checkpoint inhibitors. Four trained pathologists independently evaluated the percentages of tumor cells (TC) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) that were stained at any intensity by each of the antibodies.

[Morphological evidence of the ischemic nature of the prostatic fibrosis in the classical chronic pelvic pain syndrome / IIIB chronic prostatitis].

Aim: To examine the structure of the prostate tissue in patients with III B chronic prostatitis (CP) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).

Materials And Methods: The study analyzed transrectal fine-needle biopsy specimens of 10 patients with the verified diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome/category III B chronic prostatitis (CPPS/IIIB CP) according to the National Institutes of Health classification. Tissues were examined using light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical study of the expression of CD31, CD34, NSE and S-100 markers.

[Connexin 43 expression in human brain glial tumors].

Aim: Тo conduct an immunohistochemical (IHC) study of the expression of connexin 43 in the samples of glial tumors of various grades: gemistocytic astrocytomas (Grade 2), oligodendrogliomas (Grade 2) and glioblastomas (Grade 4).

Material And Methods: The material investigated was fragments of human brain glial tumors (grade 2 gemistocytic astrocytomas (n=2), grade 2 oligodendrogliomas (n=2), and grade 4 glioblastomas (n=14) and those of tumor-surrounding tissue (n=4). The material was fixed in 10% buffered formalin, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin according to the standard technique.

[Secondary monoclonal gammopathy after bone marrow autotransplantation as a cause of worse renal function in light chain immunoglobulin deposition disease].

The paper describes a clinical case of a female woman with nephropathy due to light chain deposition disease caused by secretion of κ Bence-Jones protein. Complete immunochemical remission was achieved after induction therapy using a bortezomib + cyclophosphamide + dexamethasone regimen. Renal function remained unchanged (glomerular filtration rate 16 ml/min), there was a reduction in proteinuria from 5.

[Neuronal and glial antigen distribution in the columns of somatosensory cortex of rat brain (an immunohistochemical study)].

The aim of the study was to detect the neocortical columns in the S1 field on frontal sections of brain of albino rats using the method of immunohistochemistry and the antibodies against neuronal (synaptophysin, neurofilament) and gliocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein--GFAP, myelin basic protein) proteins. The examination of the expression of the major neurospecific antigens revealed that on thin sections (4 micromin) a column could be identified due to accumulations of the astrocytes and neuronal processes--axons and dendrites. GFAP expression study also showed that cortical layer I usually contained multiple large astrocytes with branching processes, as well as numerous smaller processes with high intensity of expression.

[Bcl-2 as a prognostic factor in different molecular genetic subtypes of breast cancer].

It is well known that breast cancers (BC) are divided into 4 molecular genetic subgroups (luminal A, luminal B, HER2/neu-positive, and triple-negative (TNBC). The purpose of the investigation was to comparatively estimate the pattern of expression of Bcl-2, known as a good prognostic marker of BC, in different molecular genetic subgroups and to study the correlation of this protein with proliferative activity index and genetic aberrations on chromosome 17. The investigation covered 290 samples of invasive ductal BC.

[Analysis of spatial arrangement of gap junctions in respect to chemical synapses in the serial ultrathin sections of rat barrel cortex].

Electron microscopic investigation of gap junctions (GJ) on serial sections of rat barrel cortex has shown that GJ were in contact with one or both processes that formed chemical synapses, however, these connections could not traced in single sections. In the serial sections, it was possible to observe two GJ in the immediate proximity to one another, in a single field of vision, thus, each GJ was traced in two or three successive sections in a series. Considering the described variants of GJ arrangement in the cortex, it is suggested that GJ could be a structural basis for local synchronization of the bioelectrical activity not only at postsynaptic, but also at presynaptic level, and the formation of GJ occurs both before, and after the development of chemical synapses.

[Different Her-2 status in infiltrative and intraductal components of the breast cancer].

In the article a breast cancer case with different Her2 status in invasive and non-invasive components is described. We emphasize on the importance of knowledge about tumor histology for correct interpretation of FISH Her2-test results.

[HER-2/neu-testing in breast cancer: is the immunocytochemistry competent?].

According to ASCO/CAP guidelines, there are two recommended methods for Her2/neu-testing in breast cancer patients such as immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. This paper analyses results of alternative immunocytochemical method for Her2/neu detection and its diagnostic pitfalls.

[Structural organization of the barrel cerebral cortex in rat (an immunohistochemical study)].

Immunohistochemical investigation of the regional distribution of neuronal and glial elements in the barrels of somatic cortex was carried out in rats (n=10). High level of synaptophysin protein expression was detected in the in barrel walls together with the accumulation of astroglial cells in their central areas. Ultrastructural investigation of chemical synapse structure showed the predominance of asymmetrical perforated axospinous contacts, presumably of excitatory type.

Laminar distribution of gap-junctions in rat somatic cortical columns.

Results about the spindle-like activity peculiarities and the dendro-dendritic gap-junctions numbers in the infragranular and supragranular layers (modules) of the rat somatic cortex columns are presented. During simultaneous recording of extracellular field potentials from the cortical columns, the following was revealed: (i) the spindle-like activity was more synchronized inside one cortical column than in different columns; (ii) in most of the experiments (9 out of 10) an amplitude of the spindle waves was two times more in the supragranular layers than in the infragranular layers. During electron microscopy investigation of the experimental objects used in the electrophysiological study, it was shown that the number of the gap-junctions was more in the supragranular columnar layers as compared with the infragranular layers (4.

Role of gap junctions in local rhythmogenesis in cortical columns.

Complex morphofunctional studies of the barrel cortex of the rat identified and analyzed the ultrastructural characteristics of the dendrodendritic electrical synapses--gap junctions (GJ)--of stellate neurons of barrels D2-D3. The local nature of dendrite branching of barrel cells, limited to the volume of the barrel, suggests that these GJ, which account for 7% of all synapses, may be the structural basis of local intrabarrel electrotonic synchronization of pacemaker potentials of barrel neuron hyperpolarization on development of spindle-type activity in the corresponding column.

[The role of gap junctions in the local rhythmogenesis in the cortical columns].

Ultrastructural characteristics of electrical dendro-dendritic synapses (gap junctions (GJ) of stellate neurons of D2-D3 barrels were detected and analyzed in the complex morpho-functional investigations of rat barrel cortex. Considering the local character of dendritic branching of the barrel cells, which is limited by the borders of a single column, it may be suggested that GJ which account for only 7% of the whole number of synapses, may be the structural base of local intracolumnar electrotonic synchronization of pacemaker hyperpolarisation potentials of barrel neurons during the development of spindle activity in the corresponding column.

[Endothelial function and cellular morphology and functionality inischemic limbs during drug therapy of obliterative atherosclerosis].

Unlabelled: The aim of the study was to develop a rationale for Vasaprostan monotherapy of ischemia in patients with obliterative lesions in lower limb arteries. The assessment of blood cell ultrastructure revealed deformation of erythrocytes and platelets, aggregation of platelets and platelets with red cells, evidencing severe rheological alterations and increased incidence of thrombotic events in patients with critical ischemia. Vasaprostan monotherapy was more effective then combined therapy without prostaglandin E1.

[Morphological characteristics and intracellular electrolytic composition of blood cells at surgeries on lower extremities arteries].

Morphological characteristics and trace and macroelement composition of blood cells flowing out of ischemic lower limb before, during and after reconstructive surgeries under different type of anesthesia. A total of 102 male patients aged 45 to 60 years with atherosclerotic occlusions of the arteries of the femoral-popliteal zone were included into the study. According to anesthesia type all the patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 consisted of 34 patients operated under spinal anesthesia, 37 patients of group 2 underwent surgery under combined anesthesia (spinal anesthesia with intravenous sedation), 31 patients of group 3 - under total intravenous anesthesia with myoplegia and artificial pulmonary ventilation.

[Kidney carcinosarcoma].

A kidney tumour in a 36 year old female is described. The tumor was soft, of gray-brown color, size 12 x 11 cm. Histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings have demonstrated the signs of biphasic epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation.

Remodeling of synaptic membranes after induction of long-term potentiation.

Several morphological changes of synapses have been reported to be associated with the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 hippocampus, including an transient increase in the proportion of synapses with perforated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) and a later occurrence of multiple spine boutons (MSBs) in which the two spines arise from the same dendrite. To investigate the functional significance of these modifications, we analyzed single sections and reconstructed 134 synapses labeled via activity using a calcium precipitation approach. Analyses of labeled spine profiles showed changes of the spine head area, PSD length, and proportion of spine profiles containing a coated vesicle that reflected variations in the relative proportion of different types of synapses.

[A morphometric study of the ultrastructure of the axosomatic synapses in the sensorimotor cortex of rats administered the delta-sleep inducing peptide].

Qualitative estimation and quantitative morphometry of ultrastructural changes in layers III, IV, and V in rat sensomotorial cortex after delta-sleep-inducing peptide administration, provides an evidence of multiplication of active inhibitory synapses induced by DSIP. The newly activated synapses may form an axo-somatic synaptic pool participating in optimization of the balance of excitement and inhibition processes in sensomotorial cortex.

[The electrophysiological and ultrastructural aspects of the effect of increased oxygen pressure on the sensorimotor cortex of rats].

Stay of the rats in barochamber under 0.3 MPa oxygen during 2 hrs induced separate sharp waves with no generalisation, the electron microscopic changes expressing activation of compensatory-adaptive processes. The generalisation of seizure activity over the cortex at 0.

[Morphometric evidence of activation of axo-somatic synapses during administration of delta sleep-inducing peptide].

Computed morphometry proved activation of neocortex layer III-V axosomatic synapses. This is evident from an increase in the mean plasmalemma length, that in the active synapse zones on neurone bodies and width of the synaptic cleft, this being induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of delta-sleep-inducing peptide. The activation of the axosomatic synapses correlates with elevated GABA levels in the cerebral hemispheres cortex.