Canine mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) characterization by sc-RNAseq: insights compared to human and mouse MLNs.

In the human and veterinary fields, oral vaccines generate considerable interest. In dogs, these vaccines are newly developed, and understanding their mechanisms is crucial. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and Peyer's patches (PPs) are important sites for gastrointestinal mucosal induction, yet canine MLNs lack sufficient information.

Mucosal Vaccination with Live Attenuated Protects against Challenge in Wistar Rats.

(Bb) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC). Several vaccines targeting this pathogen are currently licensed for use in dogs, but their mechanism of action and the correlates of protection are not fully understood. To investigate this, we used a rat model to examine the immune responses induced and the protection conferred by a canine mucosal vaccine after challenge.

In Vitro Growth, Receptor Usage and Pathogenesis of Feline Morbillivirus in the Natural Host.

Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) is a recently discovered virus belonging to the genus of the virus family . Often, the virus has been detected in urine of cats with a history of urinary disease and has a worldwide distribution. Currently, it is unclear which receptor the virus uses to enter the target cells.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Pathogenic Species in Urine and Blood Samples in Canine Vaccine Clinical Studies: a Rapid Alternative to Classical Culture Methods.

Leptospirosis is a vaccine-preventable bacterial zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. The efficacy of canine vaccines is assessed by challenging vaccinated and control dogs with virulent serovars of , followed by detection of in blood and urine. We assessed the consistency between results obtained for urine and blood samples from clinical studies with species-specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the gene and those obtained with the reference culture method.

Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of feline vaccines with reduced volume.

A non adjuvanted vaccine against feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, feline panleucopenia and feline leukemia has been formulated in reduced volume (0.5 ml) with the same antigen content as the conventional 1 ml presentation. This paper reports studies evaluating the safety and the immunogenicity of this reduced volume vaccine in comparison with the conventional volume vaccine.

β-Glucan-Induced Trained Immunity in Dogs.

Several observations in the world of comparative immunology in plants, insects, fish and eventually mammals lead to the discovery of trained immunity in the early 2010's. The first demonstrations provided evidence that innate immune cells were capable of developing memory after a first encounter with some pathogens. Trained immunity in mammals was initially described in monocytes with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG) or prototypical agonists like β-glucans.

β-Glucan as Trained Immunity-Based Adjuvants for Rabies Vaccines in Dogs.

The mechanisms of trained immunity have been extensively described and the beneficial effects are starting to be deciphered in settings. Prototypical compounds inducing trained immunity, such as β-glucans, act through epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic changes of innate immune cells. The recent advances in this field have opened new areas for the development of Trained immunity-based adjuvants (TIbAs).

Multivariate analysis of the immune response to different rabies vaccines.

In a previous study, we proposed as an alternative to the use of animals in infectious challenge studies, a new approach describing the vaccine-induced immune response through the multivariate analysis of a defined set of immune parameters characterizing the B and T immune responses. This multivariate analysis, i.e.

Multiple Correspondence Analysis on Amino Acid Properties within the Variable Region of the Capsid Protein Shows Differences between Classical and Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus Strains.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a widespread and highly prevalent pathogen of domestic cats, responsible for mild upper respiratory tract disease. Outbreaks of severe virulent systemic disease (VSD) associated with FCV infection have been reported worldwide. VSD FCV strains have a broader tropism and cause a systemic vascular compromise.

Development of a highly sensitive PCR/DNA chip method to detect mycoplasmas in a veterinary modified live vaccine.

Mycoplasmas are potential contaminants that introduce undesirable changes in mammalian cell cultures. They frequently contaminate cell substrates and other starting materials used for manufacturing cell-derived biologics, such as vaccines and pharmaceutical products. Mycoplasma purity testing of live vaccines, active ingredients, raw material, and seed lots is required during vaccine production.

Efficacy of a nonadjuvanted recombinant FeLV vaccine and two inactivated FeLV vaccines when subject to consistent virulent FeLV challenge conditions.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of three FeLV vaccines, under identical conditions in a laboratory challenge model that closely mimics natural infection. Four groups of cats (n = 20 per group) were administered two doses of vaccine, 21 days apart, starting at 9-10 weeks of age (Purevax FeLV, Versifel FeLV, Nobivac feline 2-FeLV, and a placebo). Cats were challenged 3 weeks later with a virulent, heterologous FeLV isolate.

Multivariate analysis of the immune response to a vaccine as an alternative to the repetition of animal challenge studies for vaccines with demonstrated efficacy.

The assessment of vaccine combinations, or the evaluation of the impact of minor modifications of one component in well-established vaccines, requires animal challenges in the absence of previously validated correlates of protection. As an alternative, we propose conducting a multivariate analysis of the specific immune response to the vaccine. This approach is consistent with the principles of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) and avoids repeating efficacy studies based on infectious challenges in vivo.

A versatile in vitro ELISA test for quantification and quality testing of infectious, inactivated and formulated rabies virus used in veterinary monovalent or combination vaccine.

Regulatory potency test for rabies vaccines requires mice vaccination followed by challenge with a live virus via intracerebral route. An alternative in vitro test, consistent with the "3R's" (Reduce, Replace, Refine) was designed to quantify active glycoprotein G using seroneutralizing monoclonal antibodies. This versatile ELISA targets well conformed neutralizing epitopes.

Three-year duration of immunity for feline herpesvirus and calicivirus evaluated in a controlled vaccination-challenge laboratory trial.

Feline vaccination guidelines recommend less frequent boosters for the core vaccines (rhinotracheitis, calicivirosis and infectious panleucopenia). Most guidelines recommend boosters at 3-yearly intervals after a basic vaccination including primary vaccination and revaccination one year later. The objective of this study was to assess the duration of immunity induced by PUREVAX(®) RCPCh FeLV, a non-adjuvanted vaccine against feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirosis, infectious panleucopenia, chlamydiosis and leukemia.

Structure determination of feline calicivirus virus-like particles in the context of a pseudo-octahedral arrangement.

The vesivirus feline calicivirus (FCV) is a positive strand RNA virus encapsidated by an icosahedral T=3 shell formed by the viral VP1 protein. Upon its expression in the insect cell - baculovirus system in the context of vaccine development, two types of virus-like particles (VLPs) were formed, a majority built of 60 subunits (T=1) and a minority probably built of 180 subunits (T=3). The structure of the small particles was determined by x-ray crystallography at 0.

A targeted mutation within the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) envelope protein immunosuppressive domain to improve a canarypox virus-vectored FeLV vaccine.

We previously delineated a highly conserved immunosuppressive (IS) domain within murine and primate retroviral envelope proteins that is critical for virus propagation in vivo. The envelope-mediated immunosuppression was assessed by the ability of the proteins, when expressed by allogeneic tumor cells normally rejected by engrafted mice, to allow these cells to escape, at least transiently, immune rejection. Using this approach, we identified key residues whose mutation (i) specifically abolishes immunosuppressive activity without affecting the "mechanical" function of the envelope protein and (ii) significantly enhances humoral and cellular immune responses elicited against the virus.

Diversity of trends of viremia and T-cell markers in experimental acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection.

Objective: The early events of human immunodeficiency virus infection seem critical for progression toward disease and antiretroviral therapy initiation. We wanted to clarify some still unknown prognostic relationships between inoculum size and changes in various immunological and virological markers. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection could be a helpful model.

Differential association between circulating testosterone and infection risk by several viruses in natural cat populations: a behavioural-mediated effect?

Testosterone is involved in the development and expression of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits. High levels are often associated with high infection risk and/or intensity, suggesting a trade-off between sexual traits and immunity. Classically invoked mechanisms are immunological or behavioural, i.

Three-year duration of immunity in cats vaccinated with a canarypox-vectored recombinant rabies virus vaccine.

Despite the availability of efficacious vaccines for animals and humans, rabies is still a major zoonosis. Prevention of rabies in dogs and cats is key for reducing the risk of transmission of this deadly disease to humans. Most veterinary vaccines are adjuvanted inactivated vaccines and have been shown to provide one to four-year duration of immunity.

Time-course analysis of main markers of primary infection in cats with the feline immunodeficiency virus.

Studies of the response of the immune system to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) during primary infection have shown that a subpopulation of CD8(+) T-cells with an activated phenotype and reduced expression of the CD8β chain (denoted CD8β(low) T cells) expands to reach up to 80% of the total CD8(+) T cell count. The expansion of this subpopulation is considered to be a signature of FIV and an indicator of immune system alteration. We use a simple mathematical formalism to study the relationships over time between the dose of infection, the size of the CD8β(low) population, and the circulating viral load in cats infected with FIV.