Non-linear oral bioavailability and clinical pharmacokinetics of high-dose ethanolic extract: relevant dosage implications for COVID-19 treatment.

Aim: Insufficient quality control and limited dissolution of extract capsules restricts their bioavailability and hinder the clinical use for treating mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

Objective: This study aims to investigate pharmacokinetics and safety of high-dosage ethanolic extract (equivalent to 180 or 360 mg/day of andrographolide), relevant dosages used for mild COVID-19 treatment.

Methods: An open-label, single-dose, and repeated-dose conducted in healthy volunteers.

Comparison of diterpenoid contents and dissolution profiles of selected Andrographis paniculata crude and extract capsules.

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been approved by the Thai government for the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19 patients. Increasing use of AP products requires quality control to ensure efficacy and safety. At present, there is no requirement for dissolution test of AP products in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia (THP).

Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation of high dosage regimens of aqueous extract after single and multiple oral administration in healthy participants.

The prolonged situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, not only imposes a financial burden on healthcare supports but also contributes to the issue of medication shortages, particularly in countries with limited access to medical resources or developing countries. To provide an alternative therapeutic approach during this crisis, there is an increasing research that has investigated the potential uses of in supporting the application of herbal medicine for COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the safety profiles and clinical pharmacokinetics, specifically focusing on dose proportionality of the four major active diterpenoids of aqueous extract following oral administration of two different high doses of andrographolide.

A validated LC-MS/MS method for clinical pharmacokinetics and presumptive phase II metabolic pathways following oral administration of Andrographis paniculata extract.

Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant in Thailand national list of essential medicines, has been proposed for treatment of patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019. This study aims to develop a highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative determination of major diterpenoids in plasma and urine with application in pharmacokinetics. Chromatographic separation was performed on C18 column using a gradient mobile phase of water and acetonitrile.

Andrographis paniculata: Dissolution investigation and pharmacokinetic studies of four major active diterpenoids after multiple oral dose administration in healthy Thai volunteers.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Andrographis paniculata is included in 'The National List of Essential Herbal Drugs A.D. 1999' of Thailand as an herbal drug for the treatment of common cold symptoms and non-infectious diarrhea.